Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis of drug-resistant cells analyzed by

FCM (flow cytometry) The two cell types (1 × 106/ml) were collected, washed twice in PBS, fixed overnight with 70% cold ethanol and washed twice in PBS. Next, 10% chicken red blood cells were added as an internal control standard, 1 mL of propidium iodide (PI) (50 mg/L) was added, cells were kept at 4°C for 30 min, and FCM detection was performed after filtration by 500-mesh copper grid. Detection of drug Vactosertib mw sensitivity in drug-resistant cells by MTT assay Determination of sensitivity and resistance index (RI) of drug-resistant cells to L-OHP A single-cell suspension of 5 × 104 cells/ml (200 μl/well) was added to a 96-well culture plate, and the culture medium c-Met inhibitor containing L-OHP was added at final concentrations of 0.3, SYN-117 purchase 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml. Each concentration was tested in triplicate wells, and cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2 for 24 h. The supernatants were then discarded and 200 μl of serum-free medium and 20 μl of MTT (5 mg/L) were added in each well. Cells were cultured for 4 h, then supernatants were discarded,

and 150 μl of DMSO was added to each well. The absorbance value of each well was measured by an automatic ELISA reader at a wavelength of 570 nm, and the inhibition rate and IC50 value of L-OHP at different concentrations were calculated according to the following equation: RI = IC50 (drug-resistant cell)/IC50 (parental cell). Detection of MDR and cross resistance in drug-resistant cells A single-cell suspension of 5 × 104 cells/ml (200 μl/well) was added to a 96-well culture plate, and the culture medium containing the chemotherapeutics L-OHP, CDDP, CBDCA, 5-Fu, ADM, MMC, GEM, VCR, IH and PTX were added at final concentrations of 5.4, 12.6, 695.0, 40.0, 6.2, 1.0, 66.0, 0.08, 72.9 and 11.6 μg/mL, respectively. Each drug was tested Rebamipide in triplicate. Cells were cultured at 37°C for 24 h in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2, Supernatants were then discarded and 200 μl of serum-free medium and 20 μl of MTT (5 mg/L) were added

to each well. Cells were cultured for 4 h, the supernatants were discarded, and 150 μl of DMSO was added in each well. The absorbance value of each well was measured by an automatic ELISA reader at a wavelength of 570 nm, the inhibition rate of each drug was calculated, and an inhibition rate less than 50% was set as the criteria for drug resistance. Expression of P-gp and Livin in drug-resistant cells detected by FCM The two cell types (each at a density of 1 × 106/ml) were collected, washed in PBS twice, fixed overnight with 70% cold ethanol, and again washed in PBS twice. Cells were then incubated in 0.1 ml of mouse-anti-human P-gp and rabbit-anti-human Livin monoclonal antibodies at room temperature for 30 min and washed in PBS.

The 50 μl reaction mixture contained 45 μl DEPC-H2O, 1.0 μl cDNA (1:100 dilution), 2.0 μl (10 μM) of each primer and freeze-dried powder of the

AccuPower Greenstar® qPCR premix. The thermal cycle profile for PCR was as follows: 94°C for 5 min, 40 cycles of PCR (94°C for 30 sec; 55°C for 30 sec; 72°C for 30 sec). The fluorescence was digitally collected after each cycle of 72°C for 30 sec. After PCR, the samples were subjected to a temperature ramp with continuous fluorescence monitoring for melting curve analysis. BIONEER Exicycler™ analysis selleck chemicals llc software (Bioneer Corp., Daejeon, Korea) was used to obtain the Ct values. 2-ΔΔ CT method [16] was used to analyze the relative expression of each TLR in MDA-MB-231. TLRs protein expression analysis To detect the cell protein expression of TLRs, 106 cultured MDA-MB-231 were prefixed and permeabilized. Then, the cells were BTSA1 cell line stained with 3 μl purified anti-human TLR4 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA)

at 4°C for 30 min away from light. After washing I-BET151 datasheet twice with 1×PBS, the cells were incubated with 2 μl PE-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG mAb (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at 4°C for 30 min away from light, followed by an additional two washes with 1×PBS. Finally, the stained cells in 500 μl 1×PBS were analyzed Thiamet G by using a flow cytometer (FACScalibur; Becton Dickinson (BD), NJ, USA), and the data were processed with BD CellQuest software. The negative control

was performed by omitting the anti TLR4 antibody. Immunofluorescence analysis Cells cultured overnight were fixed with alcohol for 30 min and blocked in 1×PBS (pH 7.4) solution with 3% BSA overnight at 4°C in a hydrated box. Anti-TLR4 antibody was added at a 1:100 dilution (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and allowed to incubate overnight at 4°C in a hydrated box. After washing three times, fluorescent secondary antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was added at a 1:100 dilution. The cells were again washed three times with 1×PBS, and counter-stained with DAPI. Fluorescence was analyzed by fluorescence microscope (DMI4000B; Leica, IL, USA). Adobe Photoshop 9.0 software (CA, USA) was used for subsequent image processing. RNA interference Cells were transiently transfected with a GFP expressing plasmid pGsil-1 (Genesil, Wuhan, China) containing silencing RNA (siRNA) directed against TLR4. The three pieces of small interfering oligonucleotide specific for human TLR4 have been listed in Table 2 . Briefly, 2×105 cells were seeded in 6-well dishes and cultured overnight until 60% to 70% confluency was reached. Transfections were performed using Lipofectamine™ 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) per the manufacturer’s instructions.

[J] Clinical Cancer Research 2004, 10:7747–7756.CrossRef 8. Chami M, Prandini A, Campanella M, Pinton P, Szabadkai G, Reed JC, Rizzuto R: Bcl-2 and Bax exert opposing effect on Ca 2+ signaling, which do not depend on their this website putative pore-forming region. [J] J Biol Chem 2004,279(52):54581.CrossRef 9. Linjawi A, Kontogiannea M, Halwani F, Edwardes M, Meterissian S: Prognostic significance

of p53, Bcl-2, and Bax expression in early breast cancer. [J] Am Coll Surg 2004,198(1):83.CrossRef 10. Xiao-wei Wang, Bing-lin Guo, Zhong-hua Shang: Bcl-2 and Bad protein expression in breast carcinoma. [J] Chin J Gen Surg 2004,19(9):564. 11. Tanabe K, Kim R, Inoue H, Emi click here M, Uchida Y, Toge T: Ant3. isense Bcl-2 and HER-2 oligonucleotide treatment of breast cancer cells enhances their sensitivity to anticancer drugs. [J] Int J Oncol 2003, 22:875–81. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions BY did the immunohistochemical assay, XS: preformed the statistical analysis, and participated in culturing cell in vitro, HYS culturing the cell in vitro, FG did the MTT test, YMF colleted the sample, ZJS designed the experiment, analysed the data, and wrote this paper. All authors BIIB057 cell line read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Correction After the publication of this research

article [1], the authors noticed an error with Figure 1. Graph D which should have indicated miR-106b expression levels in Anacetrapib renal parenchyma (RP) and renal cell carcinomas (RCC), was mistakenly displayed as a duplicate of Graph C. The

corrected Figure 1 is provided here. Figure 1 References 1. Slaby O, Jancovicova J, Lakomy R, Svoboda M, Poprach A, Fabian P, Kren L, Michalek J, Vyzula R: Expression of miRNA-106b in conventional renal cell carcinoma is a potential marker for prediction of early metastasis after nephrectomy. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 2010, 29:90.CrossRef”
“Introduction HSP70 is the most important member of heat shock protein family, and plays an important role in the cells endogenous protection mechanisms [1, 2]. Recent studies have shown that different type of heat shock protein upregulated in different type of tumors, HSPs were associated with histological grade, recurrence and metastasis of malignant tumors [3–6]. However, the role of HSP70 in LSCC is not fully understood. Weber, A et al had reported that HSP70 was significantly upregulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) [7]. In our previous studies, we also found that HSP70 highly expressed at 7.7 folds comparing to normal tissue using HG-U133.Plus.2.0 chip (data unpublished). These results suggested that the overexpression of HSP70 was an important biological characteristic of LSCC.

) Aptroot in analysis of combined sequences, i.e. SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA, RPB2 and TEF1 sequences (Schoch et al. 2006, 2009). These two species had been included by Barr (2001) in her new family Montagnulaceae. Concluding remarks We agree with Barr (2001) and include the genus in Montagnulaceae based on both morphological and phylogenetic characters. Bricookea M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 15: 346 (1982). (?Phaeosphaeriaceae) Generic description Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (or parasitic?). Ascomata small- to medium-sized, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, erumpent to superficial, depressed globose, papillate, ostiolate. Peridium thin. Hamathecium filliform, cellular pseudoparaphyses,

embedded in mucilage, anastomosing, 3-deazaneplanocin A septate. Asci bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, cylindro-clavate or slightly obclavate, with EPZ5676 cell line a short knob-like pedicel, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid, 3-septate, constricted at each septum. Anamorphs reported for genus: none. Literature: Barr 1982a; Berlese 1896; Holm 1957; Shoemaker and Babcock 1989a. Type species Bricookea sepalorum

(Vleugel) M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 15: 346 (1982). (Fig. 15). Fig. 15 Bricookea sepalorum (from S, type). a Ascomata on host surface (arrowed). b Section of partial peridium. Note thick-walled out layer and thin-walled inner layer. c–e Cylindrical to slightly obclavate asci with short knob-like pedicels. f–j Hyaline, 3-septate smooth-walled ascospores. Scale bars: a = 0.5 mm, b = 50 μm, c–j = 10 μm ≡ Metasphaeria sepalorum Vleugel, Svensk bot. Tidskr. 2: 369 (1908). Ascomata 120–250 μm high × 170–440 μm diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, or forming locules in massive stromatic tissues, initially immersed, becoming erumpent, to nearly superficial, depressed globose, black, membraneous, PRIMA-1MET mouse roughened; apex rounded, sometimes very short and almost inconspicuous, with a somewhat slit-like or Y-shaped ostiole (Fig. 15a). Peridium 16–30 μm wide, comprising two types of cells, outer cells heavily pigmented thick-walled textura angularis, cells 4.5–8 μm diam., cell wall 1–1.5 μm thick, inner cells of subhyaline Atezolizumab concentration thin-walled

textura angularis, cells larger than outer cells (Fig. 15b). Hamathecium of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 μm broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing, septate. Asci 63–83 × 9.5–11 μm (\( \barx = 73.8 \times 10.8\mu m \), n = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong, cylindro-clavate or slightly obclavate, with a short knob-like pedicel which is 5–13 μm long, with an ocular chamber (Fig. 15c, d and e). Ascospores (14-)15.5–19 × 5–7 μm (\( \barx = 16.9 \times 5.9\mu m \), n = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid, hyaline, 3-septate, constricted at each septum, the cells above central septum often broader than the lower ones, smooth (Fig. 15f, g, h, i and j). Anamorph: none reported. Material examined: SWEDEN, on Juncus filliformis, Stockholm, J.

CrossRefPubMed 26. Rhodius VA, Suh WC, Nonaka G, West J, Gross CA: Conserved and variable click here functions of the sigmaE stress response in related genomes. PLoS Biol 2006, 4:e2.CrossRefPubMed 27. Bang IS, Frye JG, McClelland M, Velayudhan J, Fang FC: Alternative sigma factor interactions

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JQ-EZ-05 vacuole through the action of SifA. EMBO J 2000, 19:3235–3249.CrossRefPubMed 32. Brumell JH, Tang P, Zaharik ML, Finlay BB: Disruption of the Salmonella -containing vacuole leads to increased replication of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the cytosol of epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2002, 70:3264–3270.CrossRefPubMed 33. Ruiz-Albert J, Mundy R, Yu XJ, Beuzon CR, Holden DW: SseA is a chaperone for the SseB and SseD translocon components of the Salmonella pathogenicity-island-2-encoded type III secretion system. Microbiology 2003, 149:1103–1111.CrossRefPubMed 34. Zurawski DV, Stein MA: SseA acts as the chaperone for the SseB component of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 translocon. Mol Microbiol 2003, 47:1341–1351.CrossRefPubMed 35. Rytkonen A, Poh J, Garmendia J, Boyle C, Thompson A, Liu M, Freemont P, Hinton JC, Holden DW: SseL, a Salmonella deubiquitinase required for macrophage

ADP ribosylation factor killing and virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104:3502–3507.CrossRefPubMed 36. Deiwick J, Nikolaus T, Erdogan S, Hensel M: Environmental regulation of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 gene expression. Mol Microbiol 1999, 31:1759–1773.CrossRefPubMed 37. Brumell JH, Goosney DL, Finlay BB: SifA, a type III secreted effector of Salmonella typhimurium , directs Salmonella -induced filament (Sif) formation along microtubules. Traffic 2002, 3:407–415.CrossRefPubMed 38. Wray C, Sojka WJ: Experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves. Res Vet Sci 1978, 25:139–143.PubMed Authors’ contributions SEO designed and performed research, interpreted data and wrote the paper. BKC designed and interpreted research and wrote the paper. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

93 15.07 4.85 15.89 15.52 -1.21 p = 0.62 p = 0.23   11.84 11.16 8.17 10.92 10.13 6.15     Fat-Free

Mass (kg) 54.89 55.84 1.69 53.95 56.46 4.75 p = 0.001 p = 0.001   6.43 6.79 1.62 6.41 6.23 1.49     Total Body Water (L) 42.82 43.34 1.17 40.61 41.92 3.36 CBL0137 mouse p = 0.77 p = 0.35   5.73 5.96 2.18 4.55 4.32 3.06     Bench Press (kg/kg) 0.908 0.918 0.73 0.779 0.84 8.82 p = 0.005 p = 0.003   0.223 0.239 6.92 0.215 0.198 5.34     Leg Press (kg/kg) 3.77 4.21 11.99 3.56 4.22 18.4 p = 0.001 p = 0.10   0.69 0.73 8.36 0.93 1.14 5.74     Muscle strength Bench press (p = 0.005) and leg press (p < 0.001) strength were both increased with training. For bench press strength, NO was significantly www.selleckchem.com/products/cilengitide-emd-121974-nsc-707544.html greater than PL (p = 0.003. Serum markers of satellite cell activation (IGF-1 and HGF) Serum IGF-1 was significantly increased with training Pevonedistat in vitro (p = 0.046); however, NO and PL did not differ relative to IGF-1 (p = 0.86).   PL Day 0 PL Day 29 % Change NO Day 0 NO Day 29 % Change Time Group × Time Serum IGF-1 (ng/ml) 238.61 246.98 8.58 239.04 259.81 9.34 p = 0.046 p = 0.86   108.68 122.63 37.3 87.57 97.32 20.01     Serum HGF (pg/ml) 238.54 199.54 -8.71 251.21 344.34 47.42 p = 0.006 p = 0.02   89.72 75.02 34.06 69.87 232.14 62.49     Muscle c-met (ng/mg) 13.34 14.06 8.55 7.82 12.9 118.55 p = 0.019 p = 0.067   8.19 9.76 48.34 8.14 9.64 102.49     Myofibrillar Protein (μg/mg) 86.18 108.41 26.34

81.47 135.83 70.39 p = 0.001 p = 0.014   10.27 26.92 15.06 12.14 18.15 37.66     Total DNA (ug/mg) 27.79 29.59 4.67 27.89 52.37 88.75 Nabilone p = 0.011 p = 0.041   5.96 11.35 26.41 3.29 7.74 26.81     DNA/Protein 0.32 0.28 -8.77 0.34 0.39 14.22 p = 0.061 p = 0.14   0.06 0.12 42.24 0.04 0.09 23.76     Data are presented as means, standard deviations, and percent changes. For total DNA, both groups increased with training (p = 0.008) and the increases observed in NO were significantly greater than PL (p = 0.042). All of the myogenic regulatory factors were increased with training; however, NO was shown to be significantly greater than PL for Myo-D (p = 0.008) and MRF-4 (p = 0.022 (Figure 1). Figure 1 Data presented as means and standard deviations and expressed as a percent change in absorbance units from Day 0 to Day 29.

Nature 434:625–628CrossRefPubMed Brüggemann B, May V (2004) Ultrafast laser pulse control of exciton dynamics: a computational study on the FMO complex. J Phys Chem B 108:10529–10539CrossRef Brüggemann B, Pullerits T, May V (2006) Laser pulse control of exciton dynamics in the FMO complex: polarization shaping

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Fenna R, Matthews B (1975) Chlorophyll arrangement in a bacteriochlorophyll protein from Chlorobium limicola. Nature 258:573–577CrossRef Francke C, Amesz J (1997) Isolation and pigment composition of the antenna system of four species SC79 in vitro of green sulfur bacteria. Photosynth Res 52:137–146CrossRef Franken E, Neerken S, Louwe RJ, Amesz J, Aartsma T (1998) A permanent hole burning study of the FMO antenna complex of the green sulfur bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii. Biochemistry 37:5046–5051CrossRefPubMed Gudowksa-Nowak E, Newton M, Fajer J (1990) Confromational and environmental effects on bacteriochlorophyll optical spectra: Correlations of calculated spectra with structural results. J Phys Chem 94:5795–5801CrossRef Gulbinas V, Valkunas L, Kuciauskas D, Katilius E, Liuolia V, Zhou W, Blankenship Fludarabine molecular weight R (1996) Singlet-singlet annihilation and local heating in FMO complexes. J Phys Chem 100:17950–17956CrossRef Gülen D (1996) Interpretation of the excited-state structure of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson pigment protein complex of Prosthecochloris aestuarii based on the simultaneous simulation of the 4 k absorption, linear dichroism and singlet-triplet asborption difference spectra: a possible excitonic Akt inhibitor explanation?

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Because the ripples are all oriented perpendicular to the scratching direction, the sides of the learn more obtained diamond dots are parallel to and with an angle of 135° to the horizontal line (highlighted by the white area

in Figure 4b). Finally, we used scratching angles of 0° and 45° (as shown in Figure 1e) to scratch the PC surface. Using a feed of 40 nm and normal load of 15.8 μN for a scratching of angle 0° and load of 14.8 μN for a scratching angle of 45°, we formed ripples with a period of 450 nm. The morphology and a FFT image of the fabricated surface are presented in Figure 4c. The length and shape of the dots are the same as the diamond-shaped nanodots above, except that the orientation of the dots has changed, with the sides perpendicular to and with an angle of 135° to the horizontal line (indicated by the white area in Figure 4c). Figure 4 Morphologies and 2D FFT images of 3D nanodot arrays. The scratching angles (a) 90° and 0°, selleck chemicals (b) 90° and 45°, (c) and 0° and 45° of the two-step scratching method. The above experimental results reveal that the length and orientation of nanodots can be regulated by manipulating the period of the ripples for a selected scratching direction. Using our two-step scratching method, by changing the period of the ripples formed using different scratching angles, complex, controllable 3D nanodot arrays can be fabricated easily.

Mechanism of ripples formation Inositol monophosphatase 1 As shown in Figure 5a,b, the process of ripple formation on PC sample surface can be presumed as an interaction of stick-slip [11] and crack formation [12] processes. When the tip scratches along the fast scanning direction,

the AFM tip indents the polymer surface and starts to push the surface buy NVP-HSP990 material. In practice, the tip still sticks to the surface and is forced to hop over until the polymers that builds up in front of the tip offers enough resistance, so the bump is formed. Because the movement of the tip is a zigzag trace, the formed bump will be pushed forward and backward, and the rippling structures perpendicular to the scratching direction can be fabricated. For the typical ripple structures, the AFM morphology and modulus images are shown in Figure 5c,d. It can be found that the tip trace is clearly at the grooves but blurry at the ridges, which also confirmed that such ripples structures could be a stick-slip phenomenon. The cross-sections of the height and Young’s modulus of the ripples are shown in Figure 5e. The moduli are about 1.5 and 2.5 GPa at the ridges and grooves, respectively. For the raw PC surface, the modulus is about 2.45 GPa. The changing of the modulus may be a consequence of the crack existing within the bumps, which agrees well with the model that proposed by Dr. Khrushudov [12], as shown in Figure 5a. For the 3D nanodots arrays, the AFM morphology and modulus images are shown in Figure 5f,g.

Thus, it may be that Az is effective against LVS in vivo due to the concentration effect in macrophages. A concentration of 25 μg/ml Az was found to be effective against Francisella infections in A549 cells, suggesting that these non-phagocytic cells may be less able to concentrate the antibiotic intracellularly [22]. Az treatment has not been tested sufficiently in the clinic to know if it can be used to treat tularemia infection. In one reported case, the patient’s illness was fatal after treatment by Az, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and ceftriaxone of F. tularensis [44], suggesting that the patient was extremely

ill when treatment was initiated. In another case, the patient’s symptoms decreased with a one day ceftriaxone treatment followed by a 5 day Az treatment, but symptoms PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 supplier recurred after the treatment was completed [45]. There have been several reports of successful treatment with erythromycin, giving credence to the sensitivity of Type A strains to the macrolide class of antibiotics [46, 47]. To test the in vivo effectiveness

of Az against Francisella infections, we employed the wax-moth caterpillar model [25]. The time-course of infection of the caterpillars closely matched the published report. We extended the published report by demonstrating that wax-moth caterpillars can also be infected by F. novicida. We demonstrated that a single injection of Az increased the mean survival time of Francisella infected G. mellonella and is more effective than a similar dose of ciprofloxacin. Within a host, macrolides, including Az, inhibit APR-246 molecular weight the production of cytokines that cause inflammation and prevent the accumulation of neutrophils, which suggests immunomodulatory effects separate

from their antibacterial effects [48]. It has been shown that after Francisella infection in mice, there is a delayed response in the induction of host proinflammatory cytokines and recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of infection, resulting in Isoconazole uncontrolled bacterial replication [49]. G. mellonella, however, does not have a similar immune response following Francisella infection. Since the therapeutic efficacy of Az cannot be observed in G. mellonella, future experiments will be conducted using a mouse model. Our results demonstrate efficacy of Az against multiple different Francisella strains and species. In future work, we will MK-1775 nmr extend the Az studies to murine infections with the fully virulent strain, F. tularensis Schu S4. Conclusion Az and other macrolide antibiotics may have a secondary benefit to patients with pneumonic tularemia infection since they also have immunomodulatory functions. Az has been used to treat non-infectious respiratory diseases such as diffuse panbronchiolitis (an inflammatory lung disease) and has been shown to reduce cytokine responses in the lungs thereby lessening the acute inflammatory response [48, 50], even at sub-antimicrobial doses.

Bacterial cultures were diluted in PBS to equal the McFarland No. 0.5 standard and the final inoculum Epigenetic Reader Domain inhibitor was prepared by diluting the bacterial suspension at 1:100. Aliquots

of 0.1 mL were transferred to each well of a 96-well plate that contained 0.1 mL of each compound at concentrations prepared from 2-fold serial dilutions in 7H9/OADC medium. The inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C until growth in the agent-free control-well was evident (2-3 days). The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of compound that inhibited visible growth. Semi-automated fluorometric method The assessment of accumulation and extrusion of EtBr on a real-time basis by M. smegmatis strains wild-type mc2155, SMR5, porin mutants, MN01 and ML10 and efflux mutants XZL1675 and XZL1720

(Table 1) was performed using the semi-automated fluorometric method, as previously described [25–27]. (i) Accumulation assay M. smegmatis strains were grown in 5 mL of 7H9/OADC medium at 37°C until an O.D.600 of 0.8. Cultures were centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 3 minutes, the supernatant discarded and the pellet washed in PBS (pH 7.4). The O.D.600 was adjusted to 0.4 with PBS and glucose was added at final concentration of 0.4%. Aliquots of 0.095 mL of bacterial suspension were distributed to 0.2 mL PCR microtubes and EtBr was added at concentrations that ranged from 0.25 to 8 mg/L. Fluorescence was measured in the Rotor-Gene™ 3000 (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia), Akt inhibitor using the 530 nm band-pass and the 585 nm high-pass filters as the excitation and detection wavelengths, respectively. Fluorescence data was acquired every 60 seconds for 60 minutes at 37°C. The effect of chlorpromazine, thioridazine and verapamil on the accumulation of EtBr was determined by adding 0.005 mL of each compound to aliquots of 0.095 mL of EtBr-containing bacterial suspension previously distributed to 0.2 mL PCR microtubes. Fluorescence was measured every 60 seconds for 60 minutes at 37°C in the Rotor-Gene™ 3000. Each inhibitor was used at ½ the MIC in order to not compromise

the cellular viability (as mafosfamide confirmed by CFUs counting). (ii) Efflux assay Mycobacteria were exposed to conditions that promote maximum accumulation of EtBr: EtBr at ½ MIC for each strain; no glucose; presence of the efflux inhibitor that caused maximum accumulation, in this case verapamil; and incubation at 25°C [25–27]. The EtBr loaded cells were centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 3 minutes and resuspended in selleck kinase inhibitor EtBr-free PBS containing 0.4% glucose. After adjusting the O.D.600 to 0.4, aliquots of 0.095 mL were transferred to 0.2 mL microtubes. Fluorescence was measured in the Rotor-Gene™ 3000 as described for the accumulation assay. Efflux activity was quantified by comparing the fluorescence data obtained under conditions that promote efflux (presence of glucose and absence of efflux inhibitor) with the data from the control in which the mycobacteria are under conditions of no efflux (presence of an inhibitor and no energy source).