We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify randomized controlled trials with early-stage breast cancer patients

receiving psychosocial (psychoeducational and other) support in which QOL was measured as a treatment outcome. We compared mean differences at less than 6 months post-intervention with a control group. The primary outcome was Global Health Status/QOL scale (Global QOL), and secondary outcomes were the subscales of QOL.

No significant effect was observed for Global QOL; however, individuals receiving psychosocial support scored higher on the Breast Cancer Symptoms subscale. For psychoeducational support in the psychosocial selleck support, significant effect was observed on the Emotional subscale.

Our analysis strengthens the evidence of the effectiveness of psychosocial support in improving breast cancer symptoms

and psychoeducational support in improving emotional well-being within 6 months post-intervention.”
“Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HITT) is the most severe side effect of heparin administration. Patients with HITT may die or have permanent sequelae such as stroke or limb amputation. Contaminated heparin is associated with anaphylactic reactions and deaths by activating the contact system. It is also associated with high incidence of HIT via a yet unknown mechanism. This MDV3100 study showed that although oversulfated heparin byproduct induced thrombin activities in both normal and HIT patient plasmas through the contact system activation, authentic heparin induced thrombin activities only in HIT patient plasmas containing autoantibodies buy Rapamycin against protein/heparin complex. These data suggest that the negatively charged immunoglobulin G (IgG)/platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complex activate the contact system and produce thrombin in human plasma, and thrombin partially activates the platelets allowing subsequent platelet activation through IgG/Fc receptor II signaling. The newly discovered mechanism of heparin-induced thrombin activity could

explain the increased incidence of HIT in patients exposed to contaminated heparin. Furthermore, the assays used in these studies would be valuable for HIT diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.”
“Background: Enhanced and prolonged postprandial triglyceride responses involve increased cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes. Dietary fat and carbohydrates profoundly influence postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, whereas little information exists on the effect of proteins.

Objective: The objective was to compare the effects of the proteins casein, whey, cod, and gluten on postprandial lipid and incretin responses to a high-fat meal in persons with type 2 diabetes.

Design: A crossover study was conducted in 12 patients with type 2 diabetes.

(C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121:2945-2956, 2011″
“Background: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to the maintenance of vascular endothelial function. The moderate consumption of red wine provides cardiovascular protection.

Objective: We investigated the underlying molecular mechanism

of EPC migration in young, healthy individuals who drank red wine.

Design: Fourteen healthy volunteers consumed 250 mL red wine daily for 21 consecutive days. Vascular endothelial function, plasma stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF1 alpha) concentrations, and the number, migration, and nitric oxide production of EPCs were determined before and after the daily consumption of red wine. EPCs were glucose stressed to study the effect of red wine on EPC migration, proliferation, and senescence and to study the expressions of CXC chemokine receptor LB-100 in vivo 4 (CXCR4) and members of the Pi3K/Akt/eNOS (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/endothelial nitric oxide synthase) signaling pathway by Western blotting.

Results: Daily red wine consumption for 21 consecutive days significantly enhanced vascular endothelial function. Although plasma SDF1 alpha concentrations were unchanged,

EPC count and migration were significantly increased after this I-BET-762 cost 21-d consumption period. Red wine increased the migration, proliferation, CXCR4 expression, and activity of the Pi3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway and decreased the extent of apoptosis in glucose-stressed EPCs.

Conclusions: The results of the present study Volasertib in vitro indicate that red wine exerts its effect through the up-regulation of CXCR4 expression and activation of the SDF1 alpha/CXCR4/Pi3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway,

which results in increased EPC migration and proliferation and decreased extent of apoptosis. Our findings suggest that these effects could be linked to the mechanism of cardiovascular protection that is associated with the regular consumption of red wine. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 161-9.”
“This paper presents a manufacturing method called Combustion Driven Compaction (CDC) for the manufacture of isotropic bonded NdFeB magnets (bonded Neo). Magnets produced by the CDC method have density up to 6.5 g/cm(3) which is 7-10% higher compared to commercially available bonded Neo magnets of the same shape. The performance of an actual seat motor with a representative CDC ring magnet is presented and compared with the seat motor performance with both commercial isotropic bonded Neo and anisotropic NdFeB rings of the same geometry. The comparisons are made at both room and elevated temperatures. The airgap flux for the magnet produced by the proposed method is 6% more compared to the commercial isotropic bonded Neo magnet. After exposure to high temperature due to the superior thermal aging stability of isotropic NdFeB powders the motor performance with this material is comparable to the motor performance with an anisotropic NdFeB magnet. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.

These results imply that 24 editing sites in cotton chloroplast transcripts may play an important role in their protein structures and functions.”
“The complexity of the transition from solution to

gel for low molecular weight gelators in apolar solvents makes it incredibly difficult to assess the gel point. Since both nucleation and crystal growth occurs prior to the formation of a continuous three dimensional check details network numerous techniques, such as calorimetry and inflection point of the complex modulus, are invalid when probing the gel point. However, monitoring the frequency dependence of G’ and G ” illustrates the transition from a dilute solution to a weak gel which may be differentiated from the gel point observed by the decreasing value of the complex viscosity as a function of frequency. For 3% 12-hydroxystearic acid in mineral oil once the gelator nucleates the material behaves as a dilute solution, upon crystal growth (67 degrees C) we observe the true cross over point which is independent of frequency and finally a strong gel is formed at 64 degrees C where G’ and G ” are independent of frequency. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights

reserved,”
“Minimally invasive, image-guided thermal ablation is gaining acceptance for the treatment of solid tumour deposits and its use is increasing. FRAX597 This overview discusses one method of thermal ablation in one palliative setting; the local control of breast cancer liver metastases (BCLM) using radiofrequency ablation. Breast cancer is common and over half of all women diagnosed with metastatic disease develop BCLM. The mainstay of therapy remains chemotherapy and supportive care, which may prolong survival to a median of 18-24 months. Despite breast cancer being considered a systemic disease, surgical series of metastectomy for BCLM have shown a survival advantage. Despite this, surgery for BCLM is rarely

practiced due to the associated morbidity for a relatively meagre survival benefit. Similarly, radiofrequency ablation has been used for local control of BCLM; the reported series show a median survival of between 30 and 60 months, with no treatment-related deaths SB431542 mouse and only three serious treatment-related adverse events in 164 patients reported. Despite this, scepticism remains over the efficacy of BCLM ablation due to the heterogeneity of patient inclusion and selective nature of reporting. Randomised trials are needed to formulate robust evidence-based recommendations and direct the necessary allocation of health care resources. Whether or not local ablative treatment of BCLM conveys a survival advantage is an important consideration. However, in this non-curative setting, it is essential that other outcome measures are carefully evaluated in conjunction with survival, including symptoms (local and constitutional), quality of life and psychological morbidity.

Multiple regression analysis on independent Selleck ABT-263 variables showed that only ALN was significantly associated with a higher incidence of renal scarring.

Conclusions: Our results showed a new finding that ALN is associated with a very high incidence of renal scarring, in comparison to APN, irrespective of the duration of antibiotic treatment.”
“The phenomenon of ultra-fast electrical gas breakdown was investigated. Nanosecond high-voltage pulses with durations of 1 and 5 ns and amplitudes of 100 and 200 kV, respectively, were used to study the parameters of the discharge in a pressured (1-7) x 10(5)

Pa air-filled gap. The development of the discharge and the plasma propagation velocity was examined using optical fast frame imaging. The generation of runaway electrons in the breakdown process was confirmed by electron imaging and time-resolved x-ray diagnostics. Runaway electron beam energy distribution was obtained for a 1 ns duration high-voltage pulse. The origin and the role of runaway electrons in the discharge initiation are also discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3573507]“
“Background Nirogacestat purchase and Aims: The differential diagnosis between tuberculosis

(TB) and lymphadenitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in children is often based on epidemiologic and clinical data. The aim of this study was to identify epidemiologic and clinical variables associated with TB lymphadenitis in children attending 2 TB out-patient clinics in northern Italy during a 10-year period.

Patients and Methods: All children less than 16 years of age attending the study sites suspected of mycobacterial disease from 1999 through 2008 were included in the analysis. Logistic

regression was used to evaluate the variables independently associated with TB lymphadenitis.

Results: SB202190 From 299 children diagnosed with mycobacterial disease 121 children (40%) had a clinical diagnosis of cervical mycobacterial lymphadenitis: 38 TB (31%) and 83 NTM lymphadenitis (69%) cases. Increasing age (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02-1.69; P = 0.04), being foreign born (OR, 11.60; 95% CI, 1.37-114.20; P = 0.02), and having an abnormal chest radiograph (OR, 18.32; 95% CI, 2.37-201.68; P = 0.008) were independently associated with TB lymphadenitis. In the selected model, a 5-year-old foreign born child with cervical lymphadenitis and abnormal findings on chest radiograph has an estimated 0.90 probability of having TB disease. On the other hand, an Italy born child of the same age with cervical lymphadenitis and normal chest radiograph has a 0.04 probability of having TB.

Conclusion: Epidemiologic and clinical data are useful tools in the differential diagnosis between TB and NTM lymphadenitis when etiologic diagnosis is not available.

Mortality after an overnight exposition at distances of 1 meter was 96-100% for up to 12 months.

Conclusion: The encouraging results obtained on

the insecticide paint Inesfly 5A IGR T in terms of mortality, be it in direct contact or at a distance, and its new operational approach could constitute an additional option in malaria control efforts in areas of pyrethroid resistance. Phase III studies will be performed JQ-EZ-05 concentration to assess the product’s epidemiological impact and sociological acceptance.”
“To detect and describe the incidence of musculoskeletal manifestations in different malignant diseases as well as their relation to the treatment received whether by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Sixty patients with different malignant diseases were included in this study, 45 with solid tumors and 15 patients with hematological malignancy. The mean age was 46.55 +/- 11.04 years and the mean disease duration was 2 +/- 0.75 years. The patients were fully examined for any rheumatologic involvement, laboratory investigations were performed as well as dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Ralimetinib ic50 study for bone densitometry. Treatment strategies were assessed including the chemotherapeutics, radiation therapy, and/or surgery. Myalgias and arthralgias were the most frequent followed by flexor tenosynovitis, frozen shoulder, and fibromyalgia syndrome. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy was seen in five patients, cutaneous vasculitis

in two patients as well as arthritis. Osteonecrosis was present in one of the lunate carpal bones of a patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (1.67%) and receiving

high dose steroids. Rheumatoid factor was positive in four patients, three of which had hepatitis C virus positivity and cryoglobulins. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was negative in all the studied patients. The bone mineral density was significantly reduced in the patients with malignancy compared to the control. Mild to moderate osteoporosis was present, being more evident in the spine and forearm. The bone loss was higher in those with solid tumors and even more obvious in those receiving aromatase inhibitors. Musculoskeletal selleck chemicals llc manifestations occurring during malignancies and following the treatment represent a significant percentage of symptoms and signs which may raise a clue to differential diagnosis.”
“P>This work is the first report of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy applied as a life-saving surgical treatment for severe acute pancreatitis occurring in a sequential liver- and kidney-transplanted patient who had percutaneous biliary drainage for obstructive “”late-onset”" jaundice. Surgical exploration with necrosectomy and sequential laparotomies was performed because of increasing intra-abdominal pressure with hemodynamic instability and intra-abdominal multidrug-resistant sepsis, with increasingly difficult abdominal closure.

“
“Data from the slaughter of 24,001 chickens that were part of a selection program for the production of commercial broilers were used to estimate genetic trend for absolute carcass (CW),

breast meat (BRW), and leg (LW) weights, and relative carcass (CY), https://www.selleckchem.com/ALK.html breast meat (BRY), and leg (LY) weights. The components of (co) variance and breeding values of individuals were obtained by the restricted maximum likelihood method applied to animal models. The relationship matrix was composed of 132,442 birds. The models included as random effects, maternal additive genetic and permanent environmental for CW, BRW, LW, CY, and BRY, and only maternal permanent environmental for LY, besides the direct additive genetic and residual effects, and as fixed effects, hatch week, parents’ mating group and sex. The estimates of genetic trend were obtained by average regression of breeding value on generation, and the average genetic trend was estimated by regression coefficients. The genetic trends for CW (+ 6.0336 g/generation), BRW (+ 3.6723 g/generation), LW (+ 1.5846 g/generation), CY (+ 0.1195%/generation), and BRY (+ 0.1388%/generation) were positive, and they were in accordance SB431542 with

the objectives of the selection program for these traits. The genetic trend for LY(-0.0019%/generation) was negative, possibly due to the strong emphasis on selection for BRY and the negative correlations between these two traits.”
“To examine whether childhood cancer survivors’ perceptions of the impact of cancer are related to quality of life (QOL) and psychological distress.

621 survivors (aged 18-39 years) completed a mailed survey assessing distress and QOL. Hierarchical linear

regression models analyzed the independent effects of perceived impacts of cancer on distress and QOL and the extent to which positive and negative perceptions attenuated the effects of covariates on outcomes.

After accounting for perceptions of cancer’s impact on their lives, employment/occupation status, marital/relationship status, and health problems were observed to be significant predictors of QOL and distress. Psychological distress and the mental health component of QOL appeared to be less influenced by sociodemographic PLX3397 nmr status and health problems and more a function of how survivors perceive cancer as impacting their lives.

Results suggest that distress and QOL are partially a function of survivors’ perceptions of how cancer has affected them and continues to affect them in both positive and negative ways. Future research is needed to examine combinations of pharmacological, psychological and/or social interventions that are likely to result in better outcomes in this population.”
“Background: Activity-related dyspnea is the main contributor to the altered quality of life in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD).

It was found that, with the increase in the energy (the reduction in the dot size), the diamagnetic coefficient first rises quickly and then saturates at around 21 mu eV/T(2). Based on a simple calculation model, this unusual tendency is attributed to the electrons gradually spilling out of the quantum dot to the wetting layer as the dots get smaller. This delocalization effect is enhanced in this material system due to the tensile strain relaxation within the dots, which raises the conduction band edge over that in the wetting

layer. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3520669]“
“A 64-year-old man with A-1210477 nmr nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and a biventricular defibrillator presented with recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) and defibrillator shocks. Evaluation of the intracardiac electrograms from his defibrillator demonstrated the consistent initiation of VF by unifocal premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). Noncontact mapping demonstrated the origin of the PVC to be near the left ventricular outflow tract toward the mitral valve ring. Several applications of radiofrequency at this position led to complete cessation of PVCs and prevented ABT-737 order further VF. He has not had any further ventricular arrhythmias or defibrillator discharges

during follow-up. (PACE 2011; 34:e38-e42).”
“Patients with good prognosis differentiated thyroid cancer are at risk from over-treatment with radioiodine thyroid remnant ablation. Some with unfavourable localised disease might benefit from an elective BEZ235 purchase second dose. (C) 2009 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“There is mounting interest in bridging the fields of nanomechanics and nanomagnetism. Metallic nanocantilevers, which are magnetic throughout their volume, were fabricated using permalloy in order to detect domain switching along the cantilever length through mechanical

deflection driven by magnetic torque. A finite element model describing the interaction of the magnetization of the cantilever with an external driving field is discussed, and illustrated for the simple example of magnetization reversal via propagation of a straight domain wall. The interferometrically obtained cantilever deflection through the magnetic actuation of the fundamental mode exhibits magnetic hysteresis. The experimental results are also compared to the finite element mechanical transformation of the output from a Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert based micromagnetic simulation of the hysteresis. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3525273]“
“Pathogenicity of Chlamydia and Chlamydia-related bacteria could be partially mediated by an enhanced activation of the innate immune response. The study of this host pathogen interaction has proved challenging due to the restricted in vitro growth of these strict intracellular bacteria and the lack of genetic tools to manipulate their genomes.

This behavior is attributed to the increase in the spectral overlap integrals between Ce3+ emission and Pr3+ excitation due to the fact that the yellow band shifts to the red spectral side with increasing Ce3+ concentration while the red line dose not move. For Ce3+ concentration

of 0.01 in YAG:Ce3+, Pr3+, the rate constant and critical distance are evaluated to be 4.5 x 10(-36) cm(6) s(-1), 0.81 nm for Ce3+-Pr3+ ET and 2.4 x 10(-38) cm(6) s(-1), 1.30 nm for Pr3+-Pr3+ ET. Spectroscopic study also demonstrates a pronounced ET from the lowest 4f5d of Pr3+ to the 5d of Ce3+. A proportional dependence of the initial transfer rate on acceptor concentration is observed in each of these ET pathways. The proportional coefficient as the averaged ET parameters for initial decay are determined, meaning

the ET efficiency for the same concentration of acceptors follows the order of Pr3+-Pr3+>Pr3+-Ce3+>Ce3+-Pr3+. (C) 2010 American Institute https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIRB-796-(Doramapimod).html of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3500458]“
“To document the experience with social induction of labour (IOL) and compare its outcome with electively induced labour for prolonged pregnancy.

A prospective matched case-control MK 8931 Neuronal Signaling inhibitor study.

Social IOL was significantly common in women of high social class (78.3 vs. 45.6%, P = 0.03) and the commonest indication was because the parturient was ‘tired of pregnancy’ (60.9%). There was no significant difference between both groups in the mean induction to delivery interval, caesarean section and instrumental delivery rates, Sotrastaurin concentration 5-minute Apgar score < 7 and early neonatal death.

Social IOL in well-selected cases has comparable outcomes to elective IOL for prolonged pregnancy. There is still the need for evaluating the determinants

of maternal request for social IOL and the development of guidelines to regulate its practice.”
“Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) has been widely used to determine the Flory-Huggins parameter, chi, between two polymers using a series of solutes as probes. Many studies showed that interaction parameters were probe dependent. In recent studies, it was proposed that the difference in interaction energy between functional groups of solutes and solvent mixtures could lead to an apparent solvent solubility parameter different from the volume average of the components. An equation was derived to relate the probe dependency to the deviation of the solubility parameter. By plotting phi(2)phi(3)RT(chi(23)/V(2)) vs. the solubility parameter of solutes, a straight line could be obtained with a slope proportional to the deviation of the solvent solubility parameter. The plot was shown to yield negative slopes for miscible polymer blends. When there was an unfavorable interaction between two solvents, an opposite situation would be observed. In this study, the method was tested in two copolymer systems, and the copolymers were considered as mixtures of two homopolymers.

90 g L(-1) arabinose, 2.42 g L(-1) acetic acid and 0.21 g L(-1) furfural, which were consistent with the predicted values. The influence of temperature was also studied using the Arrhenius equation.

CONCLUSIONS: A combination of experimental data and model analysis suggested that 96% xylose yield can be achieved by using low concentration nitric acid for a short reaction time, which could greatly reduce the pretreatment cost. Therefore, dilute nitric acid could be considered Alisertib purchase a good choice for the hydrolysis of corn stover. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Four new flavonol glycosides (1-4), hippophins C-F, together with

one known flavonoid (5), were isolated from the seed residue of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis. The chemical structures of these compounds were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS data. This report is a continuous research work on the systematic chemical investigation of plants of the genus Hippophae in our laboratory.”
“Itaconic acid finds a place in various industrial applications. It can be produced by biocultivation in a clean and environment friendly learn more route but recovery of the acid from the dilute stream of the bioreactor is an economic problem. Reactive extraction is a promising method to recover carboxylic acid but suffers from toxicity problems of the diluent and extractant employed. So

there is need for a non-toxic extractant and diluent or a combination of less toxic extractants in a non-toxic diluent that can recover selleck products acid efficiently. Effect of different extractants: tri-n-butylphosphate

(TBP) (an organophosporous compound) and Aliquat 336 (a quaternary amine) in sunflower oil was studied to find the best extractant-sunflower oil combination. Equilibrium complexation constant, KE, values of 1.789 and 2.385 m(3) kmol(-1), respectively, were obtained for itaconic acid extraction using TBP and Aliquat 336 in sunflower oil. The problem of toxicity in reactive extraction can be reduced by using a natural non-toxic diluent (sunflower oil) with the extractant. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Fifteen epi-aleuritolic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anti-HIV activity in 293 T cells and NO production inhibition activity. Of the derivatives, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, and 13 showed relatively potent anti-HIV activity with EC50 values ranging from 5.80 to 13.30M. The most potent compound, 3-2,2-dimethylsuccinic acyl epi-aleuritolic acid (11), displayed significant anti-HIV activity with an EC50 value of 5.80M. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 11 showed NO inhibition activity, with IC50 values ranging from 3.40 to 7.10M and compound 1 inhibited NO production with an IC50 value of 3.40M.”
“Background and aims: Limited data are available on the incidence and disease course of IBD in the elderly population.

“
“A preliminary case-control study.

To assess postural control in individuals with and without non-specific chronic low back pain (cLBP) during quiet Elafibranor ic50 standing.

cLBP affects 12-33 % of the adult population. Reasons for pain chronicity are

yet poorly known. Change in postural control may be a risk factor for cLBP, although available studies are not conclusive.

Sample consisted of 21 individuals with cLBP and 23 controls without cLBP. Balance was assessed using a force plate (Balance Master(A (R)), NeuroCom) by the modified clinical test of sensory interaction and balance, pain severity by the visual analogue scale, quality of life with the SF-36 Questionnaire, and functional disability with the Roland-Morris Questionnaire.

Groups were homogeneous for age, weight, height and body mass index. Relative to

controls, participants in the cLBP group had deficits IWP-2 in vivo in the postural control, with greater postural sway in the quiet standing condition with closed eyes closed on unstable surfaces (p < 0.05) for the following parameters: total COP oscillation [cLBP 1,432.82 (73.27) vs CG 1,187.77 (60.30)], root mean square sagittal plane [cLBP 1.21 (0.06) vs CG 1.04 (0.04)], COP area [cLBP 24.27 (2.47) vs CG 16.45 (1.79)] and mean speed of oscillation [cLBP 12.97 (0.84) vs CG 10.55 (0.70)].

Postural control, as evidenced by increased oscillation of COP, is impaired in individuals with learn more cLBP relative to controls. Differences

are magnified by visual deprivation and unstable surface conditions.”
“The solubilities of losartan potassium in eight solvents; 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, propylene glycol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, and 1-octanol, were measured at temperatures ranging from 293.2 to 318.2 K at atmospheric pressure using shake-flask method of Higuchi and Connors. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone dissolved the highest amount of losartan potassium and 1,4-dioxane possessed the lowest solubilization power among the investigated solvents. The generated data was used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of the system using the modified van’t Hoff equation and the Gibbs free energy data was correlated using Abraham solvation parameters.”
“The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and severity of low back pain (LBP) and the influence of sciatica and neurological deficits in old men.

Mister osteoporosis Sweden includes 3,014 community-dwelling men aged 69-81 years. At study start 3,009 participants answered questions on LBP, low back pain and sciatica (LBP + SCI) or low back pain and sciatica with associated neurological deficits (LBP + SCI + NEU) during the preceding 12 months. Data are presented as proportions or medians with mid-quartile ranges. Differences between groups were tested by chi(2) test and Kruskall-Wallis test.

24 % had experienced LBP without SCI, 8 % LBP + SCI and 14 % LBP + SCI + NEU.