9% vs. 16%). Only 17.6% of HT >65 years had a BP <= 140/90 mmHg, though 48.5% were treated. The use of statins was very tow (<1/3 of eligible subjects >65 years, those with the highest treatment rate). The ratio of control-to-treated HT was tower in subjects with, than in those without, thicker Copanlisib cost carotid arteries

(31.5% vs. 38.8%, p < 0.05) or stiffer aortas (26.0% vs. 40.0%, p < 0.05) or carotid plaques (26.3% vs. 41.1%, p < 0.05).

Conclusion: A large number of subjects at high CV risk are not treated and the management of subclinical vascular lesions is far from optimal. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Obesity could attenuate diuretic effectiveness in treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (HF).

Methods and Results: The DOSE trial randomized 308 subjects with acute HF to low- versus high-intensification intravenous diuretic therapy. We tested for statistical

interactions between obesity and dosing strategy across clinical end points. After 72 hours of treatment, obese subjects (body mass index >30 kg/m(2); n = 173) had greater volume loss than nonobese subjects (n = 119) but similar improvements in dyspnea and freedom from congestion. Both groups had greater fluid loss with high-intensification treatment. Obese subjects had a higher incidence of worsening renal function (WRF) at 72 hours with low-intensification treatment, compared with nonobese subjects. In contrast, nonobese and obese subjects had similar incidence of WRF with high-intensification buy Combretastatin A4 treatment. There were no differences between obese and nonobese subjects in time to discharge and 60-day freedom from death, emergency department visit, or rehospitalization.

Conclusions: The incidence of WRF was greater in obese than in nonobese subjects with low-intensification treatment. However, the frequency of WRF was equivalent in obese

and nonobese subjects with high-intensification treatment. Additional studies are needed to assess whether obese patients with acute HF benefit from an initial high-intensification treatment strategy. (J Cardiac Fail 2012;18:837-844)”
“The effects of pump intensities and applied electric ACY-1215 fields on radiation fields excited by the nonlocal interaction between terahertz waves and AlGaAs/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) are investigated. The numerical results show the resonant radiation fields are very large in the confinement direction, and their spectra and spatial distributions are tunable by the applied electric field. In addition, it is clarified that the second-order and third-order nonlinearities will emerge when the pump intensity reaches 10(8) and 10(9) W/m(2) orders of magnitude, respectively, and the latter makes the second-harmonic (SH) intensity derivate from the expected square law dependence on the pump intensity, even induces the system into saturation. The maximum SH conversion efficiency is 4.3 x 10(-4).

Fourier transform RSL3 in vivo infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out before and after the enzyme was immobilized to confirm the characterization of the polymer and the alpha-amylase enzyme-immobilized one. The physico-chemical

parameters of the immobilized enzymes were measured, and the kinetics of the coenzyme-polymer-catalyzed reactions and stability were investigated. A direct comparison was made between the activities of the free and immobilized preparations. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 629-638, 2009″
“We report a challenging case of a 10-year-old boy with history of biventricular heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, severe asthma, and obesity with a BMI of 37. He presented to our hospital in acute decompensated heart failure. Our anesthesia team was consulted by the pediatric intensivist for urgent airway management in this rapidly deteriorating, premorbid patient. We describe here the use of the GlideScope (R) in an awake pediatric patient of ASA 4E status with a potentially difficult airway who required to remain in the seated position and thus necessitating a face-to-face approach.”
“In

order to achieve a desired conductivity and further improvement in positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect, carbon fibers (CFs) are incorporated into the modified nanoscale carbon black (MNCB) filled polymer composites. The CF with high aspect ratio can easily span across insulating regions and further connect the existing conductive pathways. In this work, the total volume fraction learn more of MNCB and CF is set as 8vol%. When the concentration of CF reaches a certain value, we observe remarkably improved PTC intensity (PTCI). The PTCI is nearly two orders of magnitude larger than that in the MNCB filled polymer (same at 8 vol % loading). When compared to the polymer composites only loaded with MNCB, the negative temperature coefficient effect in the (CF-MNCB)/polymer composites was also weakened to some extent. These results can

be explained by considering the change in microstructure of the (CF-MNCB)/polymer composites. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3182818]“
“Using a twin-screw extruder, HDPE has been Apoptosis Compound Library research buy processed six times consecutively under a range of processing conditions (changing barrel temperature, screw speed, and feed rate). After each pass, the product has been analyzed in terms of the melt flow index (MFI) and G(C)(omega(C)), the crossover point of the viscoelastic moduli as a function of the angular velocity at which it occurs. MFI data show changes in the structure of the HDPE after each processing step, but this information is limited in quality and quantity. G(C) data show the mechanism for degradation (side-chain branching and chain scission) and allow us to track relative changes in mean molecular weight (MMW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD). MMW and MWD both increase as a result of continued reprocessing.

Eleven patients underwent abdominoperineal resection and three were treated by local excision. Mean survival

was 8.7 months. Prognosis of anorectal melanoma remains poor. Awareness of the diverse clinicopathological features of these lesions, both on the part of the clinicians and pathologists, is crucial for their early detection and proper treatment.”
“Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are powerful immunomodulatory agents that produce marked renal dysfunction due in part to endothelin-1-mediated reductions in renal blood flow. Ligand-stimulated Gq protein signaling promotes the contraction of smooth muscle cells via phospholipase C beta-mediated stimulation of cytosolic calcium release. RGS4 is a GTPase activating protein that promotes the deactivation of Gq and Gi family members. To investigate selleck kinase inhibitor the role of G protein-mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of CNI-mediated renal injury, we used mice deficient for RGS4 (rgs4(-/-)). Compared to congenic wild type control animals, rgs4(-/-) mice were intolerant of the CNI, cyclosporine (CyA), rapidly developing fatal renal failure. Rgs4(-/-) find more mice exhibited markedly reduced renal blood flow after CyA treatment when compared to congenic wild type control

mice as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hypoperfusion was reversed by coadministration of CyA with the endothelin antagonist, bosentan. The MAPK/ERK pathway was activated by cyclosporine administration and was inhibited by cotreatment with bosentan. These results

show that endothelin-1-mediated Gq protein signaling plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vasoconstrictive renal injury and that RGS4 antagonizes the deleterious effects of excess endothelin receptor activation in the kidney.”
“Background and Aims: Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been mainly related to insulin resistance, but the role of changes in insulin secretion has not been thoroughly investigated.

Methods and Results: Using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) we studied beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in check details subjects with normal fasting glucose with and without MS, and their relationship to fatty liver which was evaluated by abdominal-ultrasonography. In MS early phase insulin secretion, as measured by insulinogenic index (IG(30)), was increased (p < 0.05) independently from insulin sensitivity. Furthermore IG(30) was progressively higher as the number of factors needed for the diagnosis of MS increased (p < 0.01). Insulin and C-peptide AUC were also increased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) but, in contrast to IG(30), these differences disappeared when ISI was used as a covariate. After OGTT, 51% of the subjects with MS had altered post-load glucose tolerance compared to 24.9% without MS (p < 0.01). In both groups, the altered glucose tolerance was associated with a similar IG(30) reduction. In normo-tolerant subjects with MS the IG(30) was higher (+54.

3%) met the inclusion criteria. The 95th percentile was 15.6 and 2.9 hours for the first and second stages, respectively. Women with first stages greater than the 95th percentile had a 16.3% rate of a second-stage length greater than the 95th percentile compared with 4.5% (P<.001) in women with first stages less than the 95th percentile. This relationship persisted when analyzed for variables influencing labor to include neonate birth weight, epidural analgesia, or maternal size.

CONCLUSION: Fosbretabulin chemical structure Overall, the length of the second stage significantly

increased concomitantly with increasing length of the first stage (P<.001).”
“Objective-To identify clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic characteristics associated I with gallbladder disease and rupture in dogs.

Design-Retrospective case series.

Animals-45 client-owned dogs.

Procedures-Medical records of dogs with histologically confirmed gallbladder disease that had ultrasonographic evaluation were reviewed. Signalment, history, clinical signs, laboratory values, bacteriologic culture of bile, gallbladder status at surgery or necropsy (intact vs ruptured), histopathologic findings, radiographic findings, ultrasonographic findings, and outcome were analyzed.

Results-The most common ultrasonographic findings were echogenic

peritoneal fluid, thickened or laminated gallbladder wall, and echogenic reaction in the gallbladder fossa. Eighteen of 45 (40%) dogs had gallbladder rupture.

Rupture was associated with histologic evidence of gallbladder necrosis, decreased serosal detail HCS assay radiographically, and pericholecystic echogenic reaction, pericholecystic echogenic fluid, and generalized echogenic abdominal effusion ultrasonographically. Twenty-one of 45 (47%) dogs had mucocele, and 9 (43%) of those had gallbladder rupture. Eleven of A-1331852 cell line 40 dogs had positive results of bacteriologic culture, and 5 of those had gallbladder rupture. Only 2 dogs had concurrent positive results of bacterial bile culture and gallbladder mucocele. Survival rate was 86% and not significantly related to presurgical bile leakage, positive results of bacterial culture, or mucocele.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Ultrasonographic findings of pericholecystic reaction, localized or generalized echogenic peritoneal fluid, or decreased radiographic peritoneal detail should raise the index of suspicion for gallbladder rupture. Mucocele or bacterial gallbladder infection was the most common concurrent finding in dogs with gallbladder rupture. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;234:359-366)”
“Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of implementing a pharmacist-initiated peripheral arterial disease (PAD) screening program in the community setting and to determine the ability of this screening to increase the number of patients identified with PAD.

Design: Prospective study.

Nevertheless leg volumetry, providing a global leg-volume evaluation, is not able to localise

the oedema reduction end to assess if it occurs more in the calf or the ankle area. Theoretically, despite a global volume reduction, PECS could even promote a slight oedema formation at ankle level over-compensated AZD7762 research buy by a greater oedema reduction at calf level. Further studies need to concentrate on patients with venous disease and on the local distribution of this global effect. (C) 2013 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia (PHP Ia) is defined as a series of disorders characterized by multihormone resistance in end-organs and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) phenotype. PHP Ia is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in GNAS, which encodes the stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit (Gsa). A patient

with typical clinical manifestations of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) (round face, short stature, centripetal obesity, brachydactyly, and multi-hormone resistance: parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and gonadotropins) presented at our center. The sequence of the GNAS gene from the patient and her families revealed a novel missense mutation (Y318H) Dorsomorphin in vivo in the proband and her mother. An in vitro Gsa functional study showed that Gsa function was significantly impaired. These results stress the importance of GNAS gene investigation.”
“We describe a male patient, who was seen for the first time at the age of 8 years because of short trunk dwarfism. Spine radiographs showed platyspondyly with irregular areas of increased and decreased mineralization (irregular spotted appearance within lytic lesions Selleckchem ERK inhibitor located

along the posterior vertebral bodies of the entire spine). Skeletal survey showed no enchondromatous lesions of the short/long tubular bones. At the age of 17, progressive spine stiffness associated with stooping posture developed. 3DCT scanning showed pathological transformation of the spinal enchondromas into generalized ossification and thickening of the posterior vertebral elements (vertebral laminae, supraspinal, and interspinal ligaments, respectively) causing effectively the development of a diffuse posterior spinal ankylosis. We report what might be a unique subtype of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (Spranger type IV).”
“Purpose The Authors illustrate the feasibility of an open biopsy and complete excision of Osteoid Osteoma involving the C2 vertebral body performed via endoscopic anterior cervical approach.

Methods A 23-year-old male patient with history of delayed diagnosis of cervical Osteoid Osteoma underwent evaluation and surgical treatment: the minimally invasive procedure and techniques were described. The clinical features, the radiological findings and the outcome were assessed. Complications and local recurrences were also recorded.

Most of the metal-containing compounds were in the form of pseudo spherical particles, but compounds containing Bi(III) and FeOOH in

the volume of AV-17 granule, were in the form of clew of nanometer fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis (in an N2 atmosphere) in the range 24-1000 degrees Pevonedistat cost C of the metallic compounds containing polymer was also carried out. The metal-containing polymer samples were stable up to 120 degrees C. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“The aim of this work was to increase the solubility, stability and permeation of resveratrol by complexation with cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (NS). Nanosponges are recently Givinostat developed hyper-cross-linked cyclodextrin polymers nanostructured to form three-dimensional networks; they are obtained by reacting cyclodextrin with a cross-linker such as carbonyldiimidazole.

They have been used to increase the solubility and stability of poorly soluble actives. This study aimed at formulating complexes of resveratrol with beta-cyclodextrin nanosponges in different weight ratios. DSC, FTIR and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) studies confirmed the interaction of resveratrol with NS. XRPD showed that the crystallinity of resveratrol decrease after encapsulation. The particle sizes of resveratrol-loaded NS are in between 400 to 500 nm with low polydispersity indices. Zeta potential is sufficiently HKI-272 concentration high to obtain a stable colloidal nanosuspension. TEM measurement also revealed a particle size around 400 nm for NS complexes. The in vitro release and stability of resveratrol complex were increased compared with plain drug. Cytotoxic studies on HCPC-I cell showed that resveratrol formulations were more cytotoxic than plain resveratrol. The permeation study indicates that the resveratrol NS formulation showed good permeation in pigskin. The accumulation study in rabbit mucosa showed better accumulation

of resveratrol NS formulation than plain drug. These results signify that resveratrol NS formulation can be used for buccal delivery and topical application.”
“Cluster headache (CH) is a neurovascular headache disease characterized by recurrent, strictly unilateral, severe pain attacks. Despite its typical clinical features, including circadian rhythm of the attacks and ipsilateral autonomic dysfunction, the underlying pathophysiology of CH is still unclear. Electrophysiological data point to central disinhibition of the trigeminal nociceptive system as one of the key mechanisms of CH pain. Therefore, altered habituation pattern and changes within trigeminal-facial neuronal circuits due to central sensitization seem to be involved. One biochemical correlate is probably represented in dysfunctions of serotonergic raphe nuclei-hypothalamic pathways.

The characterization techniques confirmed inclusion complex formation between berberine chloride and HP beta CD and demonstrated the feasibility of developing an oral solution dosage form of the drug.”
“The effect of heat flux levels on burning behavior and heat transmission properties of hybrid fabrics and composites has been investigated using cone calorimeter and heat transmission techniques. The hybrid fabric structures woven out of E-glass (warp) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) (weft) and E-glass (warp) and polyester (weft) have been studied at high

heat flux levels keeping in view the flame retardant requirements of structural composites. The performance of the glass-PEEK fabric even at high see more heat flux levels of 75 kW/m(2) was comparable with the performance of glass-polyester fabric evaluated at 50 kW/m(2). The results further demonstrate that glass-PEEK hybrid fabrics exhibit low peak heat release rate, low heat release rate, low heat of combustion, suggesting an excellent GS-9973 combination of materials and fall under the low-risk category and are comparable with the performance of carbon fiber-epoxy-based systems. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 2295-2301, 2011″
“Satellite cells are a population of adult muscle stem cells

that play a key role in mediating muscle regeneration. Activation of these quiescent stem cells in response to muscle injury involves modulating expression of multiple developmentally regulated genes, including mediators of the muscle-specific transcription program: Pax7, Myf5, MyoD and myogenin. Here we present evidence suggesting an essential role for the antagonistic Polycomb selleck chemicals group and Trithorax group proteins in the epigenetic marking of muscle-specific genes to ensure proper temporal and spatial expression during muscle regeneration. The importance of Polycomb group and Trithorax group proteins in establishing chromatin structure at muscle-specific genes suggests that therapeutic modulation of their activity in satellite cells could represent a viable approach for repairing damaged muscle in muscular dystrophy.”
“A target product profile (TPP) describes how a product will be utilized

by the end user. A systematically developed TPP can ensure alignment of objectives across company departments, accelerate development timelines, minimize development risks, and eventually lead to an optimal product. A TPP is particularly important for parenteral products due to the need for administration devices, the variety of possible end users (nurses, patients, pharmacists, and physicians), and requirements specific to sterile products. This manuscript describes key components of a TPP from a formulation development perspective and provides guidance on practical issues common to parenteral products.”
“Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex neurobehavioural disorder characterised by intellectual disability, self-injurious behaviours, sleep disturbance, obesity, and craniofacial and skeletal anomalies.

Titanium mesh was placed between the periosteum and the cortical bone, with or without holes. A distraction screw was placed rigidly under the center of the mesh. After a 7-day latency period, the periosteum was distracted 0.5 mm per day for 8 consecutive days. Rabbits were GSK690693 mw sacrificed after consolidation periods of 4 and 8 weeks. Cross-sectional

radiographs were evaluated with densitometry. Specimens were fixed, decalcified, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Results: At 8 weeks after periosteal distraction, the area of new bone formation averaged 25.7 +/- 5.1 mm(2) and 12.9 +/- 3.2 mm(2) (mean +/- SD) with and without decortication, respectively. In this study, periosteal distraction showed better bone regeneration on the lateral aspect of mandibles with rather than without decorticating holes.

Conclusion: Periosteal distraction with decorticating holes can be effective in augmenting atrophic bone. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67:1478-1485, 2009″
“Background: Z-VAD-FMK mouse Cognitive impairment reflecting CNS disruption in chronic solvent abusers can resolve within two years

of abstinence. However, the specific time course for recovery has yet to be determined empirically. This study monitored cognition among solvent (i.e., gasoline) abusers throughout 8 weeks of residential treatment. It also investigated the extent to which solvent-related cognitive impairments persisted following discharge.

Methods: Non-drug using healthy controls (n = 33) and solvent abusers (n = 29) who had inhaled gasoline, regularly or episodically, for an average of 4.3 years (SD = 2.7) were assessed. Using linear mixed model analyses, solvent abusers were compared to healthy controls GSK923295 cost throughout treatment at baseline, two weeks, four weeks and six weeks, on visual motor, attention, learning, memory, and executive function tasks. Ten users who maintained abstinence were reassessed an average of 12 months later (SD = 2.8) and were compared to healthy

controls (n = 12) retested at the same time interval using ANCOVA while controlling for age and baseline performance.

Results: At baseline, solvent abusers showed cognitive deficits on visual motor, learning and memory, paired associate learning, and executive functions. Paired associate learning performance improved within 6 weeks of abstinence, however, impairments in visual motor speed, learning and memory, and executive function persisted throughout and in some cases beyond treatment.

Conclusions: Cognitive deficits exist for solvent abusers upon treatment entry. Some impairments resolve within weeks of abstinence, while memory and executive function improves gradually over months to years of abstinence, and might never fully recover. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: Our data confirmed the association of TYR p.R402Q with SK risk in the French population, and support that rare deleterious TYR variants may also play a role in multi-factorial genetic predisposition to SIC These results should be confirmed by replications Selleckchem VX-689 studies. (C) 2011 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To quantify contrast material

enhancement of breast lesions scanned with dedicated breast computed tomography (CT) and to compare their conspicuity with that at unenhanced breast CT and mammography.

Materials and Methods: Approval of the institutional review board and the Radiation Use Committee and written informed consent were obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study. Between September 2006 and April 2009, 46 women (mean age, 53.2 years; age range, 35-72 years) with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System LY2835219 solubility dmso category 4 or 5 lesions underwent unenhanced breast CT and contrast material-enhanced breast CT before biopsy. Two radiologists independently scored lesion conspicuity for contrast-enhanced breast CT versus mammography and for contrast-enhanced breast CT versus unenhanced

breast CT. Mean lesion voxel intensity was measured in Hounsfield units and normalized to adipose tissue intensity on manually segmented images obtained before and after administration of contrast material. Regression models focused on conspicuity and quantified enhancement were used to estimate selleck chemicals the effect of pathologic diagnosis (benign vs malignant), lesion type (mass vs calcifications), breast density, and interradiologist variability.

Results: Fifty-four lesions (25 benign, 29 malignant) in 46 subjects were analyzed. Malignant lesions were seen significantly better at contrast-enhanced breast CT than at unenhanced

breast CT (P < .001) or mammography (P < .001). Malignant calcifi cations (malignant lesions manifested mammographically as microcalcifications only, n = 7) were seen better at contrast-enhanced breast CT than at unenhanced breast CT (P < .001) and were seen similarly at contrast-enhanced breast CT and mammography. Malignant lesions enhanced 55.9 HU +/- 4.0 (standard error), whereas benign lesions enhanced 17.6 HU +/- 6.1 (P,.001). Ductal carcinoma in situ (n = 5) enhanced a mean of 59.6 HU +/- 2.8. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of lesion enhancement yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.876.

Conclusion: Conspicuity of malignant breast lesions, including ductal carcinoma in situ, is significantly improved at contrast-enhanced breast CT. Quantifying lesion enhancement may aid in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.”
“We present an analysis of the extendability of traditional perpendicular recording based on micromagnetic recording simulation and channel cost/performance analysis.

Biotin supplements remain as unbound molecules in the serum, thus interfering with PTH enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results and falsely depressing the PTH level.

Conclusion: Biotin supplement use has expanded over the years, ranging from medically endorsed therapies

to home remedies. Review of the 2 ELISA systems used at our institution demonstrates that free biotin mimics the biotinylated Crenolanib antibody used in the detection process. Screening for biotin use prior to PTH measurement and automatic biotin levels for clinically aberrant PTH levels provide the clinician with a true PTH level-lowering the disease burden of untreated hyperparathyroidism while avoiding unnecessary work-ups for other processes.”
“Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of hereditary autosomal dominant bullous diseases. EB is divided into four major phenotypes: intraepidermal EB (or EB simplex), junctional EB, dermolytic EB and mixed EB (Kindler syndrome). EB GSK1210151A supplier simplex is further divided into three subtypes:localized EB simplex, Dowling-Meara EB simplex and other generalized EB simplex. We report a 28-year-old man with EB simplex with a missense keratin 14 mutation p.Arg125Cys associated with clumping of keratin filaments and acantholysis in mainly the spinous cells and basal cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the broader expression of keratin 5 and 14 was observed in the epidermis, while the expression of keratin

1/10 was quite normal. Dysregulated

expression of keratin 5/14 may hinder some functions or roles of keratin 1/10, namely filament assembly of keratin 1/10 in spinous cell integrity, although the expression of keratin 1/10 was not affected and this has not been demonstrated before.”
“Background: This study evaluates the differences between women and men in medication use, medication adherence, and prescribing alignment with clinical guidelines. Methods: We conducted an analysis of pharmacy and medical claims for 29.5 million adults with prescription benefits administered by a pharmacy benefits manager in the United States, age 18 and older, between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2010. Prevalence and intensity BVD-523 mouse of medication use were evaluated by sex, age group, and medication type (acute vs. chronic). Medication adherence was measured by the percentage of patients with a medication possession ratio (MPR) 80%. The percentage of patients receiving guideline-based treatment was measured for diabetes and select cardiovascular conditions. Results: The study population comprised 16.0 million women and 13.5 million men with continuous pharmacy benefit eligibility. Women were significantly more likely than men to use one or more medications during the analysis period (68% vs. 59%, respectively, p<0.001), and women used more unique medications, on average, than men (5.0 vs. 3.7 medications per year, respectively, p<0.001).