In addition to fine particles, a considerable volume of water with dissolved components is likely discharged to the river during precipitation events via runoff Cabozantinib and dewatering operations. The fractured dolostone bedrock here also likely allows considerable seepage into the river along short flow pathways (i.e. fractures) from the quarry into the Raquette River. These

waters would be highly alkaline and contain the soluble elements and anions derived from the dolostone noted above. In particular, the abundance of Sr, a trace metal, is intriguing because highly elevated Sr groundwater concentrations was previously attributed to horizons in the Ogdensburg Dolostone containing celestine (Sr-sulfate)

or strontianite (Sr-carbonate), both relatively rare minerals by Chiarenzelli et al. (2007) and O’Connor et al. (2010). During baseflow conditions, runoff from the quarry and dewatering operations would likely cease or be minimized. Input to the river from the quarry would be negligible and little impact would be measured. These conditions existed when the baseflow sampling event was carried out. During baseflow sampling the pH and specific conductance were significantly reduced compared to the stormflow sampling event and the soluble element concentration of river water was also less. For these reasons, it appears that the quarry at Norfolk exerts a strong influence on the water chemistry of the Raquette River at Raymondville during times when significant

amounts of runoff, water from processing or Selleckchem Palbociclib dewatering, and/or groundwater enters the river from the site. 1. Water derived from runoff associated with Tropical Storm Irene was sampled (9/4/2011) at seventeen locations along the length of the Raquette River and geochemically characterized. Nearly one year later (8/27/2012) the same stations were resampled during an extended drought. The two sampling events allow comparison of stormflow and baseflow water chemistry approximating end member compositions throughout the Raquette River drainage basin, an undeveloped and forested area impacted by acidic precipitation. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication. Oxalosuccinic acid The authors would like to thank the New York Power Authority’s St. Lawrence River Research and Education Fund for support of their work on river chemistry in St. Lawrence County. We would like to thank Kiersten LaPorte, Roselyne Laboso, and Sam Lane who assisted with sample preparation and analysis. Three unidentified critical reviewers and the editor of the journal, P.W. Swarzenski, helped us improve the paper and are thanked for their efforts. “
“Domestic consumption of natural gas in Australia has grown constantly since the mid 1960s and this trend is expected to continue in the future (Roarty, 2008).