A biologically active quinone, 7,8-seco-para-ferruginone (SPF), exhibited a growth-inhibitory effect on rat liver cancer cells. The authors suggest that the cytotoxic activity is related to the morphological changes that induce apoptosis of the cells exposed to this molecule. NVP(1), a 6,6 kDa protein isolated from the venom of Nidus vespae, inhibited proliferation of HepG2 hepatoma cells in the concentration of 6.6 μg/ml. In addition, NVP(1) promoted apoptosis of HepG2 cells as indicated by nuclear chromatin condensation. This protein Alisertib order could arrest the cell cycle at stage G1 and inhibit the mRNA expression of cyclinB,
cyclin D1 and cyclinE. NVP(1) increased p27 and p21 protein expression, but suppressed cdk2 protein expression. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway was activated, indicating that NVP(1) inhibits proliferation of HepG2 through ERK signaling pathway, through activation of p27 e p21 and reduction of cdk2 expression
( Wang et al., 2008a). Studies on the anti-cancer potential of wasp venoms are still in a preliminary phase. There are few published articles reporting the activities of either crude wasp venom extract or its purified components. Besides that, few cell lines have been treated with this venom and no studies in vivo have been performed yet, thus this is an area of research requiring investigation. Spiders are the most diverse group of arthropods (38,000 species described), and relatively few toxins have been studied so far (Escoubas, 2006a), making this a field of research yet to be explored, especially in biotechnological Talazoparib solubility dmso aspects. Spider venoms are composed by a great variety of molecules;
as an example, funnel-web spiders produce more than 1000 peptides, as revealed by mass spectrometry analyses of their venom. A gross estimation of 500 different toxins for each spider venom would give us a total of 19,000,000 toxins for the 38,000 known spider species. Such diversity Tacrolimus (FK506) of peptides is a great promise for the discovery of new substances of pharmacological interest (Escoubas, 2006a). Spider venoms are a complex mixture of proteins, polypeptides, neurotoxins, nucleic acids, free amino acids, inorganic salts and monoamines that cause diverse effects in vertebrates and invertebrates (Jackson and Parks, 1989, Ori and Ikeda, 1998 and Schanbacher et al., 1973). Regarding the pharmacology and biochemistry of spider venoms, they present a variety of ion channel toxins, novel non-neurotoxins, enzymes and low molecular weight compounds (Rash and Hodgson, 2002). Even though these toxins may bear a great anti-tumor potential, few studies using spider venoms as anti-tumor agents have been published. Some toxins have been isolated and purified, such as a phospholipase-D, from the venom of brown spider that displays high hemolytic activity in red blood cells (Silva et al., 2004), which could present anti-cancer action.