UWS

contributed to the early conception, design and conduct of the β-LEAF assay. XZ synthesized the molecular probe and contributed to the early experiments and data analyses. GJN contributed to the study design, data interpretation and manuscript writing. TH contributed to the study conception and design, writing of the manuscript and overall supervision. All authors read and approved BMS202 nmr the final manuscript.”
“Background Streptomycetes are Gram-positive soil bacteria that display a complex morphological and metabolic differentiation. Streptomyces develop branched hyphae that expand by tip ASP2215 manufacturer extension to form a vegetative mycelium meshwork. In response to as yet unidentified signals and to nutritient depletion, aerial branches emerge from the surface of colonies and may produce spores. As the aerial mycelium develops, Streptomyces colonies produce diverse secondary metabolites and synthesise antibiotics [1]. This differentiation cycle can be reproduced in laboratory conditions by growing Streptomyces cells on solid media. Most Streptomyces species do not form aerial mycelium or www.selleckchem.com/products/ag-881.html spores when in liquid media (e.g. S. coelicolor and S. lividans), and antibiotic production occurs in submerged cultures [2]. AdpA, also known as BldH, has been identified

as a conserved major transcriptional regulator involved in the formation of aerial mycelia in various Streptomyces species [3–6]. AdpA is a member of the family of AraC/XylS regulator proteins that contain a C-terminal domain with two helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motifs; these features are strictly conserved in all Streptomyces AdpAs in the StrepDB database [7]. The N-terminal

domain of AdpA is responsible for its dimerization and regulation [8, 9]. Protein/DNA interaction PTK6 experiments identified the following consensus AdpA-binding site in S. griseus: 5′-TGGCSNGWWY-3′ (with S: G or C; W: A or T; Y: T or C; N: any nucleotide) [10]. AdpA was discovered and has mostly been studied in S. griseus, in which it was first shown to activate expression of about thirty genes directly. They include genes encoding secreted proteins (e.g. proteases), a sigma factor (AdsA), a subtilisin inhibitor (SgiA), SsgA which is essential for spore septum formation and the AmfR transcriptional regulator involved in production of AmfS (known as SapB in S. coelicolor), a small hydrophobic peptide involved in the emergence of aerial hyphae [11, 12]. AdpA also plays a role in secondary metabolism and directly activates streptomycin biosynthesis [3]. Proteomic, transcriptomic and ChIP-sequencing analyses revealed that, in fact, several hundred genes are under the control of S. griseus AdpA and that AdpA acts as transcriptional activator as well as repressor [12–15]. In S.