\n\nTo study the role of specific

chemical compounds in affecting the herbivore community, we used cultivated Brassica oleracea. The cultivars differ qualitatively in glucosinolate profile, i.e., foliar composition of different glucosinolate compounds, and only a little in total concentration of glucosinolates, the secondary metabolites specific for the Brassicaceae family. In field and laboratory experiments, we tested whether individual compounds explained differences in herbivore community composition, and whether herbivores with a similar degree of host plant specialization responded in a similar way to variation in glucosinolate profiles.\n\nIn the field B. oleracea cultivars differed widely in species richness and composition of the herbivore community, www.selleckchem.com/products/Vorinostat-saha.html as well as in the density of insects they harbored. Plants with high concentrations of the short side chain alkenyl glucosinolate, glucoiberin, harbored low herbivore diversity. Higher biodiversity was found when plants had glucosinolate profiles containing high concentrations of glucosinolates with elongated side chains, which are biosynthetically linked to glucoiberin. Although glucosinolates are known to have differential effects on generalist and specialist herbivores,

all herbivore species exhibited similar responses to the intraspecific variation in foliar glucosinolate profiles of the CX-6258 mouse B. oleracea see more cultivars. This

observation is supported by the correspondence between oviposition preferences of the specialist herbivore Pieris rapae and the generalist Mamestra brassicae in the field and the laboratory, using the same cultivars, and may be due to the relatively low concentrations of glucosinolates in cultivars. Our results show that variation in the concentration of short side-chain glucosinolates affects the composition of the herbivore community associated with brassicaceous plants.”
“Eastern wolves (Canis lycaon) are a species of special concern federally in Canada that have hybridized extensively with coyotes (Canis la trans) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) in and adjacent to Algonquin Provincial Park (APP), Ontario. A comprehensive understanding of eastern wolf demography and wolf-coyote hybridization dynamics is needed for informed management, yet no studies have investigated the influence of genetic ancestry and environmental heterogeneity on survival of wolf, coyote, and hybrid pups. We used telemetry, genetic, and environmental data to model and estimate genotype-specific survival and cause-specific mortality of Canis pups (n = 159) in eastern and western APP (2002-2011) and the adjacent Wildlife Management Unit 49 (WMU49; 2008-2011). Pup survival was higher in eastern APP ((s) over cap= 0.75) and WMU49 ( smaller than (s)over cap = 0.