This variation ranged from 10 to 24 sequence types at a gene, including null alleles, indicating rather high variation among L. johnsonii strains. Phylogenetic analyses The variation data at SSR loci and conserved hypothetical genes were used in two separate analyses to infer

the genetic relationships Tideglusib among L. johnsonii isolates. SSR analysis: The phylogenetic analysis divided the 47 L. johnsonii isolates into 29 different SSR types, revealing high discrimination. The resulting dendrogram presented three main clusters (Figure 2A), one composed of chicken and turkey isolates, the second of human isolates and the third of identical mouse isolates together with strains isolated from the caracal feces and the owl pellet (LJ_184, LJ_188, LJ_16 and LJ_252). Note that the owl pellet isolates might be related to the mouse isolates, as it might have originated from the owl’s prey (a mouse), rather than from the owl’s upper GIT. The isolates from other diverse BTK inhibitor libraries origins were MAPK inhibitor spread out along the dendrogram. Among them, isolates from Psammomys (LJ_9-7) and silkworm (LJ_4-4), two unrelated host species, are undistinguished according to the typing results. This might be due to their common isolation location, thus additional sampling should clarify the phylogeny clustering of L. johnsonii isolates from these two host species. The genetic distances within strains from each of the three groups were significantly low (average

genetic distance of 0.25 ± 0.11, 0.27 ± 0.25 and 0.11 ± 0.12 for chicken, human and mouse clusters, respectively) compared to the high genetic distances observed between isolates from the tested group and the remaining isolates (average genetic distance of 0.65 ± 0.18, 0.87 ± 0.10 and 0.64 ± 0.12 for chicken, human and mouse clusters, respectively). Figure 2 Genetic relationships among  L. johnsonii  isolates. Dendograms are based on variation data of: (A) 47

isolates at 11 SSR loci based on 57 polymorphic points (11 loci times the number of alleles in each locus); (B) sequence of 46 isolates at three conserved hypothetical genes. Both dendrograms were constructed by UPGMA cluster analysis. Samples from: chickens – ▲, turkeys – △, humans – • and mice – ▽ are indicated. All the isolation sources of the tested L. johnsonii strains are indicated Cediranib (AZD2171) at Table 1. MLST analysis: phylogenetic analysis of the sequences at the three conserved hypothetical genes separated the 46 typable L. johnsonii isolates into 28 sequence types (Figure 2B). Three clear clusters were obtained, paralleling the SSR analysis, with the exception of strain NCC 1741. In general, the two genetic analyses similarly separated L. johnsonii isolates into three groups (Figure 2A, 2B). The clusters included strains with a common isolation host: various lines of chicken and turkey, humans, and laboratory mouse lines, while the isolates originating from other diverse sources were dispersed along the dendrograms.