The active fractions were concentrated by ultrafiltration using polyether sulfon membranes (NWCO 10 kDa) and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).

The protein content after each purification step was determined using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay (Pierce) with BSA as the standard. ENGase purification was monitored qualitatively using RNAse B, yeast invertase NVP-LDE225 or Cel7A as a substrate. Electrophoretic band shifting on an SDS polyacrylamide gel was indicative of deglycosylating activity. Ten-microlitre enzyme fractions were incubated with 10 μL glycoprotein (10 mg mL−1 dissolved in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5) and overnight reactions were analysed by SDS-PAGE. A Rapamycin chemical structure quantitative assay was developed for kinetic analyses. To convert its high-mannose N-glycans to Man5GlcNAc2, RNAse B was pretreated with α(12)-mannosidase from T. reesei (Maras et al., 2000). To monitor ENGase, 100 μL (1 mg) of this pretreated RNAse B substrate was mixed with a 10 μL enzyme sample. Incubation was performed at 25 °C. At different time intervals, the reaction was stopped by adding 20 μL sample to 10 μL of 0.1 M NaOH. A 20 μL sample of this mixture was analysed by HPAEC-PAD (Dionex Corp.) equipped with an ED40 electrochemical detector. The product (Man5GlcNAc) was separated on a CarboPac PA-100 column (40 °C) using a 0–60 mM sodium acetate (J.T. Baker) gradient

in 100 mM sodium hydroxide (Riedel-deHaën) for 35 min (1 mL min−1). Chromatographic data were analysed using Dionex peaknet software. Initial velocities (maximum 10% product formation) were obtained at 270 μM RNAse B (substrate concentration determined on the basis of complete deglycosylation). Calibration was performed with known concentrations of Man5GlcNAc2Asn (Glyco-asparagine, Sigma) completely hydrolysed Dipeptidyl peptidase with Endo H. One unit of activity is defined as the amount of enzyme necessary to generate 1 μmol Man5GlcNAc min−1 at 25 °C under the reaction conditions mentioned above. Cellulase (cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase I), α-mannosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities were measured with chromogenic substrates, respectively, 2′-chloro-4′-nitrophenyl

β-lactoside (Van Tilbeurgh et al., 1988), 4-nitrophenyl α-d mannoside and 4-nitrophenyl-β-dN-acetyl-d-glucosaminide. Release of the chromophores was measured at 405 nm with 2 mM substrate concentrations in 100 mM Sørensen phosphate buffer, pH 5.7 (CNP-Lac), and 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5 (PNP-Man and PNP-GlcNAc). Celluclast® (Novozymes, Denmark), used as a positive control, was from Sigma. Chitinase activity was measured with powdered chitin from shrimp shells (Sigma) using the BCA assay measuring total reducing sugar (Mopper & Gindler, 1973). Using 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-N,N′,N″-triacetylchitotriose [4MU-(GlcNAc)3], the release of the fluorophore was measured, and alternatively, the hydrolysis products were separated by HPLC on a Bio-Sil polyol 90-10 column (250 × 4.