The PLX-4720 in vitro United States suffered an economic crisis during that period that also affected the Japanese economy. As the economic crisis

in the US was more critical than in Japan, its influence on dental health care may be more severe in the US than in Japan. In addition, Japanese people usually use public health insurance for dental health care, while people in the US usually use private health insurance, so the extent of the effects of the economic crisis on patient visitation to dental clinics may be stronger in the US than in Japan. Further research is needed to clarify this issue. We reviewed articles that analyzed distribution, changes and factors relating to the net income of private dental clinics in Japan and obtained the following results: (1) The distribution of net income became positively skewed, with the mean dragged to the right by a few high scores. The median is thus more appropriate than the mean as a measure of central tendency of net income. These

results show the importance NLG919 nmr of analyzing management of private dental clinics from the viewpoint of policy-making. The results of the studies indicate that it would be more effective for Japanese government to emphasize continuing education for older dentists regarding dental maintenance in the dental health insurance system, in order to alleviate the financial problems of Japanese dentists and establish a better dental health care system in Japan. We declare no conflict of interest. “
“Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major

health problem worldwide, accounting for 274,000 new cases and 145,000 deaths annually [1]. In Japan, it is estimated that there will be 6900 new cases of OSCC in 2005 [2]. Furthermore, there is definitely an increasing number of OSCC as a result of Japan’s aging society [3]. The conventional treatment of early OSCC is surgery, however, early OSCC patients sometimes recurred after radical resection. When surgeons try to remove early OSCC, a region of epithelial dysplasia cannot easily be distinguished macroscopically from normal looking area surrounding OSCC. Leaving this epithelial dysplasia unresected can often Phosphoprotein phosphatase result in local recurrence or second primary tumors (SPTs). This may result in the recurrence of carcinomas at the primary site. From a clinical point of view, it may lead to SPTs to establish not only the histology but also the molecular change of the surgical margin. It is likely that SPTs is a result of accumulated genetic changes present in the histologically normal epithelium of the surgical margin [4]. Thus, in contrast to advanced OSCC, some patients with early OSCC who were considered curable eventually suffered from locoregional failure after radical resection. The present article reviews our current understanding on some methods for detecting a safety margin, including field alteration surrounding early OSCC. Slaughter reported about his concept of field cancerization, when studying OSCC in 1953 [5].