Recently, cholate has been identified as a plant elicitor, thereby adding a completely new function to this bile salt (Shimizu et al., 2008). Steroids

enter the environment via decay of and excretion from eukaryotic organisms. Bile salts are mainly released by fecal excretion; in humans, this excretion is in the range of 300–600 mg per day and person (Ridlon et al., 2006). In bacteria, steroids occur only as a rare exception, but many bacteria are capable of UK-371804 manufacturer transforming and degrading steroid compounds (for recent reviews, see Horinouchi et al., 2010a; Philipp, 2011). As steroids are ubiquitous and abundant in the environment, bacterial steroid degradation is an important part of the CO2-releasing site of the global carbon cycle. Bacterial degradation is particularly important for the degradation of natural and synthetic steroid hormones, which can influence the fertility of animals as endocrine disruptors (Carson et al., 2008; Combalbert & Hernandez-Raquet, 2010). Furthermore, bacterial transformation of steroids is an essential part of the production of steroid drugs in biotechnology (Bortolini et al., 1997; Mahato & Garai, 1997). Despite the ecological and biotechnological importance of bacterial steroid metabolism,

the knowledge of this process is scarce compared with the bacterial metabolism of for example MS-275 order aromatic compounds. Only recently has interest in bacterial steroid degradation increased considerably since it was found that Mycobacterium tuberculosis utilizes host cholesterol during infection (Pandey & Sassetti, 2008; Hu et al., 2010). We study bacterial steroid degradation using the bile salt cholate (compound I in Fig. 1) as a model compound and Pseudomonas sp. strain Chol1 as a model organism. Strain Chol1 initiates cholate degradation

by oxidation of the A-ring and β-oxidation of the acyl side chain (Fig. 1). By these reactions, cholate is converted into 7,12-dihydroxy-androsta-1,4-diene-9,17-dione (DHADD, these VIII) and its subsequent degradation product 3,7,12-trihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)triene-9,17-dione (THSATD, IX; Philipp et al., 2006). THSATD is then degraded to CO2 via the so-called 9,10-seco pathway (Philipp, 2011). We have studied β-oxidation of the acyl side chain of cholate by characterization of the transposon mutant strain R1, which is interrupted in a gene (acad) encoding an acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (Birkenmaier et al., 2007). This defect causes cholate degradation to stop at the intermediate 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxopregna-1,4-diene-20-carboxylate (DHOPDC, XIII), which has a C3-acyl side chain, indicating the removal of an acetyl-residue from the C5-acyl side chain of cholate. A prerequisite for β-oxidation of carboxylic acids is the formation of CoA-esters.