Personality disorders Personality disorders accompanied by mood instability may be a potential target, for ACs. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, carbamazepine significantly decreased the severity of behavioral problems in 11 women with borderline personality disorder.197 Open studies also suggest efficacy of valproate, lamotrigine, and oxcarbazepine in borderline personality disorder,198-201 but controlled studies are missing. Of the newer ACs, the efficacy of topiramate has been tested by one group of investigators in controlled studies, showing efficacy, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical especially on symptoms related to anger,202-204

but replication of these positive results from other investigators is still lacking. Conclusion Anticonvulsants as a group are today an established part of the treatment portfolio in many psychiatric condirions, especially in bipolar disorder, anxiety, and pain disorders. In some instances, their use in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical psychiatric indications may even exceed their use in epilepsy. However, their individual strengths in these different indications, and the strength of recommendations, may vary considerably. The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical story will continue, as new anticonvulsants such as lacosamide, rufinamidc, talampancl, eslicarbazepine, 10-hydroxy

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical carbazepine, valrocemide, isovaleramide, brivaracetam, and seletracetam are potential future candidates for psychiatric indications, and some of them are already in the process of being tested in clinical trials.
Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor cocaine and other amphetamine-like psychostimulants have been a significant part of the human pharmacopoeia for thousands of years.1,2 However, the appearance of these substances in Western societies

has been relatively recent, cocaine having debuted as both a local anesthetic and a psychostimulant in the 19th century. Over the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical course of the next century, it became increasingly clear that the amphetamine-like psychostimulants however carried serious abuse liability, as well as producing a prominent paranoia-like syndrome among many individuals who chronically used this class of drugs.3,4 The abuse liability of these drugs has resulted in sociological use patterns that have been described as epidemics, such as the methamphetamine epidemic in Japan in the 1950s, the cocaine epidemic in the United States in the 1980s, and the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1990s.5,6 The high abuse liability of this class of drugs relies on both pharmacological properties and the sociological characteristics of how the drugs are introduced into various societies around the world.