Participants who selleck chemical Ivacaftor were quit at multiple waves contributed multiple response sets: 880 participants contributed one set, 353 contributed two, and 216 contributed to three, totaling 2,234 sets of responses across the four waves. Beliefs and reported experiences taken from Waves 3, 4, and 5 were used to predict smoking status at the following wave. All predictors, except sociodemographics and Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), were assessed while participants were quit. Table 1 presents the sample characteristics for all observations by wave used for this study. Table 1. Sample characteristics based on all observations (n = 2,234) provided by 1,449 ex-smokers by wave Measures This study examines four predictors of relapse introduced into Wave 3 of the ITC survey and thus not considered by Herd et al.

(2009). Postquitting life enjoyment was assessed using the question: ��Since you quit, has your capacity to enjoy simple pleasures of life improved, gotten worse or stayed the same?�� Postquitting emotional coping was assessed using two questions: ��Since you quit, has your ability to calm down when you feel stressed or upset improved, gotten worse or stayed the same?��, designed to assess capacity to recover from a negative event (stress recovery), and ��Since you quit, has your ability to control feelings like anger, grumpiness or annoyance improved, gotten worse or stayed the same?��, designed to assess impulse control over negative affect. Postquitting health concerns was determined using a single question: ��How worried are you that, even though you quit smoking, you will still get some smoking-related illness in the future?�� with response options: not at all worried (1) to very worried (4).

Other covariates The following are included AV-951 as covariates: age, sex, country, quit duration in days, whether they used any stop-smoking medications since the last survey (yes/no), reported nicotine dependence using the HSI (Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, Rickert, & Robinson, 1989) assessed at last smoking wave, and wave recruited into the study. We also included a composite measure of perceived stress using two items (r = .56) taken from Cohen��s four-item scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983): ��How often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?�� and ��How often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?�� with response options ��never�� to ��very often�� on a 5-point rating scale. The mean of the two items was used in the analyses. In addition, we also included the two measures identified by Herd et al. (2009) to be the mediational pathways to relapse, frequency of urges to smoke, and abstinence self-efficacy.