Humor has been shown to be a useful coping strategy, and, like hedonic eating, is hypothesized to be associated with the release of endorphins,74 although as Martin points out in his review few of the studies comparing pre- and post-comedy exposure have shown significant changes in levels of beta-endorphin. Other benefits of humor Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical may also include a reduction in boredom, which may be another major cause

of non-metabolic physiologic eating.21 At the outset it should be noted that “humor” is difficult to define and even more difficult to measure. It is beyond the scope of this review to delve fully into the intricacies and caveats of these issues as we are more interested in the general mechanisms, and possible benefits, of humor in respect to eating behavior; however, a brief overview is helpful in understanding the research. Two of the most widely used instruments are Martin and Lefcourt’s Situational Humor Response Questionnaire (SHRQ) and Coping Humor Scale (CHS);75,76 their usage was reviewed after 10 years Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by one of the authors, Martin.77 The SHRQ was created in 1984 to assess the stress-moderating effects of “sense of humor,” in other words

humor as a “trait” in one’s personality. Martin noted that at that time, the only self-report scales in existence were those of humor appreciation. In the process of creating the SHRQ, he stated: “we defined sense of humor Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as the frequency with which a person smiles, laughs, and otherwise displays mirth in a wide variety of life situations.” This definition is somewhat Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical controversial as it may not be necessary to display mirth, per se, in order to have a sense of humor; however, the authors wished to take the most atheoretical and behavioral approach. The SHRQ describes 18 pleasant and unpleasant

situations to which respondents are asked about their response (Smile? Laugh?). This scale was validated in several ways, including an unstructured interview, interview with a person who knew the responder, as Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical well as studies of humor generation (in which subjects were instructed to make up a humorous monologue in both stressful and spontaneous/unstructured situations). Martin noted that the scale was originally created for testing in ZD6474 Canadian undergraduates; hence, the situations were tailored towards that population. The subsequent translation and use of this scale in other cultures may therefore Brefeldin_A present problems, and the scale has also been criticized for conflating laughter generation with a sense of humor.78 The CHS was created to investigate how subjects used humor specifically to cope with stressful situations and was validated alongside the SHRQ in many studies.77 In response to what they viewed as inadequacy of the available scales to encompass “sense of humor,” Thorson and Powell later developed the Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale (MSHS).