However, the flocculating activity vary within a range around the

However, the flocculating activity vary within a range around the optimal value, from 4.0�C8.0. It is noted that this data applies only to kaolin suspensions as pH tolerance of this bioflocculant may vary with other solid suspensions; therefore further pH assays are selleck Nintedanib needed. 3.3. Dosage Requirement3.3.1. Cation Dosage As the bioflocculant produced by UPMB13 is cation dependent, it is important to determine the optimal cation dosage which will not overcome the positive effect of the bioflocculant. The cation dosage requirement is as described in Figure 3. It was found that the highest amount of cation to be supplied for optimal flocculation, based on the specific UPMB13 batch culture used, as percentile of total volume, was at 10% as it was the lowest dosage input with high flocculating activity of 86.

8% (Figure 3(a)). This was chosen based on the statistical analysis where there are no significant differences (P > 0.05) between 10�C20% cation input (Table 3).Figure 3(a) Flocculating activity at different cation dosage as percentile of total volume of suspension (0�C20%). (b) Flocculating activity at different cation dosage as percentile of total volume of suspension (5�C10%).Table 3Statistical analysis for flocculating activity at 0�C20% cation dosage.To further determine the correct amount of cation to be used which will not waste the cation source or over supply the cation dosage above what should already be sufficient, a subsequent test between 5�C10% dosage input was carried out (Figure 3(b)) resulting to the conclusion that 5% volume input was the optimal dosage with no significant difference (P > 0.

05) observed with each increment of 1% input up to 10%.3.3.2. Bioflocculant Dosage According to Gong et al. [10] inadequate dosage of bioflocculant will lead to a poor bridging phenomenon, thus resulting in low flocculating activity while excess input might induce re-stabilization of kaolin particles. The result obtained is in accordance with this reported findings whereby the lowest (0.1%) amount of bioflocculant may only reach to about 81% and the highest (2.0%) produced a drop in flocculating activity to 87% while the optimal dosage was between 0.5�C1.5% (P > 0.05) with 94% flocculating activity (Figure 4). It is noted that the result is specific to the batch culture used in the experiment whereas the maximum and minimum flocculating activities of other batch cultures might vary with each experiment conducted.

However, in terms of percentage volume, the finding may be acceptably applied for all conditions. Thus, 0.5% (5mL/L) bioflocculant dosage input is considered the best and adequate volume to be used Entinostat (Table 4). Bioflocculant produced by UPMB13 was proven to be an effective flocculant with high flocculating activity achieved at a low dosage input. Figure 4Flocculating activity based on different bioflocculant dosage supplied with the range of 0.

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