Furthermore, we also demonstrated that VPA induces α-tubulin acetylation, this website thus stabilizing tubulin,

suggesting that VPA in combination with PTX will have a synergistic effect. Previous studies showed that the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A has an antiproliferative effect through cell cycle regulation and apoptosis [16], and increases chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cell lines to anticancer drugs, including 5-fluorouracil, PTX, and irinotecan [17]. In the present study, the acetylation of histone H3 was observed with upregulation of p21WAF1 expression, supporting the suggestion that VPA induces differentiation of cancer cells as reported previously [29]. In addition, HSP990 research buy VPA induced alterations in the expression of other cell cycle-related proteins, such as p27 and cyclin D1. As p21WAF1 and p27 are cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors that bind to cyclin-dependent kinase complexes and decrease kinase activity, they may act as key regulators of G0/G1 accumulation [30]. Most previous studies indicated that HDAC inhibitors upregulate the transcription of p53 [31, 32]. However, Sami et al. reported the efficacy of VPA with no effect on p53 expression [18]. In the present study, we also demonstrated that

VPA has an anticancer effect through a p53-independent pathway. With regard to apoptosis, the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and the downregulation of bcl-2 Galeterone and survivin were observed with the apoptotic activity induced by VPA in the present study. Taken together, the total effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis were considered to result in the anticancer activity of VPA. Peritoneal dissemination of scirrhous gastric cancer is characterized by rapid infiltration and proliferation of cancer cells with abundant fibrosis in the stroma [33]. From the viewpoint of molecular biology, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is considered a key factor, which contributes to the invasiveness and morphological

changes in peritoneal dissemination of diffuse-type gastric cancer [34]. Clinically, the expression of TGF-β is correlated to the malignant potential of scirrhous gastric cancer [35]. It has also been reported that TGF-β produced by stromal fibroblasts or gastric cancer cells stimulates both the invasion and adhesion of scirrhous gastric cancer cells to the peritoneum, resulting in an increase in the potential for peritoneal dissemination [36, 37]. On the other hand, TGF-β is considered a major factor that triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which promotes invasion and metastasis with acquiring fibroblastoid features and morphological changes [38–40]. JQ-EZ-05 ic50 Accordingly, TGF-β-induced EMT could be a target for regulation of aggressiveness in gastric cancer. These changes induced by TGF-β may work better for formation of peritoneal dissemination.