Eye, wrist, finger and leg measurements were taken bilaterally and compared between the two groups.

The radiation dose received by the surgeon’s finger, wrist and leg was reduced by greater than 80 % when using the CDS. It allows the surgeon to work way below the most severe annual limit of dose exposure, which may not be the case when using a classical bone filler direct injection mechanism.

We believe that when

using this new intraoperative injection system, the surgeon’s overall anatomic exposure is significantly reduced without compromising the critical procedure steps.”
“Microarray technology is a promising method for investigating gynaecological benign pathology. This systematic review examined various parameters of the design of these studies, the methods used and the gene outcome in Tideglusib these diseases. Electronic searches were performed in Medline (up to April 2009). An overall representation of important genes for each disease detected was performed.

The results showed genes were up-regulated or down-regulated. However, studies suffer from several flaws in their design, the sample size employed and the reporting method. In conclusion, a significant amount selleck inhibitor of work has been performed on benign gynaecological diseases using microarray technology. New trial designs need to be employed that incorporate microarray reporting standards. New research directions should evolve based on these results. (C) 2011, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aggrecan

is one of the major macromolecular components of the intervertebral disc (IVD) and its loss is an early sign of degeneration. Restoration of aggrecan, and hence of biomechanical properties, is a major objective of biological therapies. At present, assessment of aggrecan concentration via its glycosaminoglycan see more (GAG) content is accomplished using biochemical and histological methods which require sacrifice of tissue. A minimally invasive method for assessing GAG, and hence aggrecan, which can avoid destruction of tissue, would be of benefit.

We have developed a needle micro-osmometer that is capable of measuring flux of saline into excised human nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue. Using the isotropic osmotic stress technique to assess the swelling pressure of the excised NP tissue and assuming negligible collagen tensile stress, we were able to relate the flux to the tissue fixed charge density (FCD). GAG concentration is evaluated from its FCD via the radioactive tracer technique. Samples representing different ages (28-59 years) and degeneration grades (1-4) were analyzed.

The flux is controlled by both the osmotic pressure difference across the probe’s semi-permeable membrane and by the tissue permeability. A linear correlation was found between flux and the tissue FCD. The equation describing the linear fit is FCD/(total tissue hydration) = 1.97 x 10(-4) + 8283 x flux (R = 0.836, p < 10(-4)).