Conceptual preliminaries What reasons ground the philosophical doubts? Are they plausible? Three preliminary remarks need to be made before any serious discussion can start. Cobimetinib consciousness and mind One should not identify thinking about the nature of consciousness with thinking about the nature of the mind in general. Consciousness is

but one aspect of the mind, so the problem of consciousness is not identical to what is often called “the mind-body problem.” There are other philosophical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical problems regarding the mind. For instance, the problem of intentionality: How can it be that certain mental states (beliefs and desires, say) refer to entities or states of affairs that are external to themselves? Or the problem of rationality: How can it be that certain mental states are not merely causally Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical related to other events, but can also be right or wrong, good or bad, reasonable or unreasonable? These and other issues regarding mental states need not involve consciousness; at least, it is not trivial to assume that

they do and would require argument. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Meanings of “consciousness” The term “consciousness” has different meanings (as do its cognates in other languages—French conscience, German Bewusstsein, and so on). We speak of people Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical being conscious when they are

generally aware or open to sensory stimulation, as opposed to being asleep, anesthetized, or in a coma. This basic consciousness is a precondition, but not identical to, phenomenal consciousness; the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical different feelings of pleasure and pain, or the sensations also of various kinds hinted at in du BoisReymond’s statement. The distinction is important. Flohr maintains that anesthesia studies may well point to a physical explanation of consciousness, and argues more specifically for the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) synaptic activity as a necessary and sufficient condition for the presence of consciousness.29,30 However, what explains our being aware at all need not be what explains specific qualitative features of consciousness. Among those who have produced alternative neuroscientific accounts of basic awareness, Crick and Koch31 have carefully avoided conflating it with phenomenal consciousness.