“
“A self-consistent mathematical model of the growth of carbon nanofiber in a catalytic chemical vapor deposition process has been developed. This model includes the balance equation for carbon transport through the catalyst and the equation for mechanical and chemical balance in the catalyst-nanofiber system. It is demonstrated that the most important parameter that governs the nanofiber growth behavior is the difference in the carbon chemical potentials in the catalyst and nanofiber. This parameter determines the carbon transport to the nanofiber. It is also responsible for the catalyst shape and topology of the interface

between the catalyst and nanofiber. The solutions of the model are in qualitative agreement with numerous experimental results. Selumetinib The model can be used in designing experiments and explaining existing results. It leaves the opportunity for more a precise and complex mathematical calculation of different aspects BTK inhibitor of the growth process.”
“Objective-To estimate the prevalence of surgical castration among dogs and cats evaluated at private US veterinary

hospitals and to determine the influence of sex, age, breed, geographic location, and prepaid wellness plan enrollment on the likelihood of castration.

Design-Retrospective period prevalence study.

Animals-320,172 cats and 1,339,860 dogs examined at 651 hospitals during 2007.

Procedures-Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare prevalence among subpopulations for each species.

Results-The overall prevalence of castration was 82% in cats and 64% in dogs. Prevalence increased significantly

with age in both species. Among cats, males were slightly more likely to be castrated than females (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.03) and mixed breeds slightly less likely than purebreds (PR = 0.99). Among dogs, males were less likely to be castrated than females (PR = 0.93) and mixed breeds more likely than purebreds (PR = 1.19). Prevalence was lowest in dogs in the Southeastern United States (61%). Dogs and cats on a wellness plan were more likely to be castrated than those not on a plan (PR = 1.33 and 1.18, respectively). Among commonly reported Compound C dog breeds, pit bull-type dogs (27%) and Chihuahuas (46%) were least likely to be castrated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Many young adult (1- to < 4-year-old) dogs (32%) were uncastrated, signaling a need to promote earlier castration. Outreach efforts should be directed toward owners of pets least likely to be castrated, such as male dogs, dogs of specific breeds (ie, pit bull-type and Chihuahua), and dogs in the Southeastern United States. Additional research is needed to evaluate the potential impact of wellness programs on an owner’s decision to have his or her pet castrated. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011238:898-904)”
“Echeveria leucotricha J. A.