77 and 81 The progression of drug resistance by Candida biofilms has been associated with the parallel increase of the maturation process. 85 Furthermore, some researchers have also shown that biofilms of Candida developed statically with the presence of minimal matrix and exhibited the same level of resistance to drugs (fluconazole and amphotericin B) as the cells grown in a lab and exhibiting large amounts of matrix. 86 Therefore, there are many controversies regarding the mechanisms of resistance to antifungal agents. In addition to Dinaciclib the reduced sensitivity described by

some authors in periodontal disease, it is believed that the presence of C. albicans in subgingival sites allows the formation of biofilms, which could explain the resistance to antifungal therapy. Several molecular mechanisms of resistance to antifungal agents in C. albicans have been described, highlighting in particular: the increased efflux of antifungal agents due to the over expression selleck screening library of efflux genes, CDR1, CDR2 (the family of ABC membrane transport proteins – ATP Binding Cassette) 87 and MDR1 (family protein Major Facilitator); the amino acid substitutions in Erg11p enzyme (lanosterol 14-α desmetilase), encoded by the gene ERG11. This gene in turn can be expressed in cells with super changes in several of the biosynthetic pathways for ergosterol, as no formation of the toxic metabolite 14-α metilergosta-8,

24-diene-3 β, α 6-diol metabolite from 14 α-metilfecosterol due to changes in the ERG3 gene. 87, 88 and 89 Considering it essential to understand how genes are regulated, CDR1 and CDR2 and other genes are often co-regulated and are over-expressed simultaneously, therefore it is believed that there is a chance of mutations in genes regulating this expression. 90 A search for new antifungal agents and the characterization of new targets which are more appropriate and efficient, including the emergence of resistant strains, has been

proposed.91 An ideal antifungal agent should have broad-spectrum antifungal activity and would not cause toxicity to the host.62 Plants are good options for obtaining a wide variety of drugs.21 Plants have been used in medicine for a long time and are extensively used in folk medicine because Clomifene they represent an economic alternative, are easily accessible and would be applicable to various pathologies.23 These constitute an excellent alternative for substances that can be used in the formulation of new antifungal agents.24 The antifungal compounds of the plants assayed are not well known; however, the presence of flavonoids and terpenes and a certain degree of lipophilicity might determine toxicity by the interactions with the membrane constituents and their arrangement. Since plants produce a variety of compounds with antimicrobial properties, it is expected that screening programmes for some under-represented targets, such as antifungal activity, may yield candidate compounds for developing new antimicrobial drugs.