​neb.​com/​) [40] to select the enzymes which cut the two sequences differently at not more than 5 cleavage sites. Multiple sequence alignment of 10 additional ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences of different strains from different ecological niches for each species was performed using Clustal X, version 2.0 (http://​www.​clustal.​org/​clustal2/​) and BioEdit, version 7.2.0 (http://​www.​mbio.​ncsu.​edu/​bioedit/​bioedit.​html) to confirm the taxa-specificity of the selected restriction enzymes. DNA extraction DNA was extracted from pure cultures as cell-free DNA lysate using lyticase-heat lysis method. Briefly, a single colony of 24 − 48 h old culture from YEPD agar was

inoculated to 5 mL of YEPD broth supplemented click here with antibiotics, and incubated for 18 h at 30°C with shaking at 200 rpm. Cells were harvested from 1 mL of the culture broth at 5,000 g for 5 min (FA-45-24-11, Centrifuge 5424, Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The cell pellet was washed twice with 1 mL sterile 0.5 M NaCl followed by sterile deionized water (Milli Q, Millipore, Molsheim, France). The cells were finally resuspended in 500 μL of 1× TE buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) containing 10 μL

of lyticase (5U/μL) (Sigma-Aldrich) and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. After the incubation, CP673451 concentration the spheroplasts were lysed by heating at 95°C for Bumetanide 20 min. The crude cell-free lysate was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4°C and the DNA was quantified spectrophotometrically (Nanodrop ND-1000, NanoDrop Technologies, Inc., Rockland, USA). The cell-free lysate with absorbance ratio (A260/280) of 1.8 − 2.2 was used for PCR analysis and stored at −20°C until required. ITS-RFLP ITS1-5.8S-ITS2

was amplified from the cell-free DNA lysate using primers ITS1 and ITS4 mentioned elsewhere. The amplification was carried out in a 25 μL final reaction volume containing 50 ng of the genomic DNA as previously described [41]. The amplified ITS fragment was analyzed by 2.0% (w/v) agarose gel electrophoresis at 80 V in 0.5× TBE (45 mM Tris-borate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) buffer to check its intactness and absence of non-specific amplification. The PCR product (4 μL) was digested with 5 U of TaqI (Promega, Madison, USA) in a 10 μL reaction volume at 65°C as per LY411575 manufacturer’s instructions. The restriction patterns were analyzed by electrophoresis of the 10 μL reaction volume on 2.0% (w/v) agarose gel in parallel with PCR 100 bp Low DNA ladder (Sigma-Aldrich) as molecular size standard. The electrophoresis was run at 80 V for 2 h in 0.5× TBE buffer. The gel was then stained in 0.5 μg/mL ethidium bromide solution for 30 min with rocking at 15 rpm on a platform rocker (Tarsons, Kolkata, India).