2010-0020775) to S.P. “
“A bacterial strain, designated as TSB-6, was isolated from the sediments of a Tantloi (India) hot spring at 65 °C. The strain showed 98% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity

with Anoxybacillus kualawohkensis strain KW12 and was found to grow optimally at 37 °C. However, growing cells, cell suspensions, and cell-free extracts from 65 °C cultures showed higher Cr(VI) reduction activities when assayed at either 37 or 65 °C than those obtained from 37 °C cultures. On fractionation of extracts from cells grown at 65 °C, the chromate reductase activity assayed at 65 °C was found mostly in the soluble fraction. When log-phase cells growing at 37 °C were shifted to 65 °C, the stressed cells produced larger quantities of reactive oxygen species. Consequently, growth of the cells was retarded,

but specific Cr(VI) reduction activity increased. 2D gel electrophoresis FK228 price followed by MALDI-TOF MS/MS identified the proteins whose expression level changed as a result of heat stress. The upregulated set included proteins involved in cellular metabolism of sugar, nucleotide, amino acids, lipids and vitamins, oxidoreductase activity, and protein folding. The downregulated proteins are also involved in cellular metabolism, DNA binding, and environmental signal processing. Bacterial cells attempt to counter chromate-mediated oxidative stress by inducing antioxidant proteins (Ackerley et al., 2006). It was observed that when either pre-adapted or nonadapted Escherichia coli K-12 cells were exposed to chromate, the levels of proteins such as SodB and CysK, which can counter oxidative stress, were increased (Ackerley et al., 2006). Also, VX-765 clinical trial exposure to Cr(VI) upregulated, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, at least 21 proteins most of which were associated with general stress response (Kiliç et al., 2010). Some of the proteins that constitute antioxidant defense mechanisms in bacterial cells are also able to reduce Cr(VI) (Cervantes & Campos-García,

2007). ChrR of Pseudomonas putida and YieF of E. coli both reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) (Ackerley et al., 2004). At the same time, the mechanisms by which these two flavoproteins function can keep reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation minimal (Ackerley et al., Reverse transcriptase 2004; Ramírez-Díaz et al., 2008). In fact it has been suggested that Cr(VI) reduction is not the primary function of known chromate reductases (Gonzalez et al., 2005; Ramírez-Díaz et al., 2008). A variety of microorganisms live at high temperatures under stressed conditions. Heat stress has been shown to produce ROS in yeast (Kim et al., 2006). Heat exposure also causes oxidative stress in Bacillus cereus and induces a variety of stress response proteins (Periago et al., 2002). By means of enrichment culture, we have isolated a bacterial strain highly resistant to chromate from the sediments of a hot spring in Tantloi, Jharkhand, India, which contains undetectable levels of Cr(VI).