PERIOD1 antibody was the generous gift of Shimon Amir. This project was funded by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Canadian Funds for innovation (CFI) awarded to A.A. E.W.L. was supported by postdoctoral fellowship from the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ). Abbreviations ARC arcuate nucleus CT circadian time DD constant darkness DMH dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus GHSR growth hormone secretagogue Staurosporine clinical trial receptor KO

knockout LD 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness LH lateral hypothalamus LL constant light PER1 PERIOD1 PER2 PERIOD2 PVN paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus PVT paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus RF restricted feeding SCN suprachiasmatic

nucleus SPVZ subparaventricular buy MG-132 zone VMH ventromedial hypothalamus ZT zeitgeber time Table S1. Summary data of period and acrophase (in hours) for individual animals under LD, LL with ad libitum feeding and 10 and 30 days, and LL with temporally restricted access to food (LLRF). Table S2. Summary data of period and acrophase (hours) for individual animals under DD with ad libitum feeding and DD with temporally restricted access to food (DDRF). “
“The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in both priming-and cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking behavior, but its role in stress-induced reinstatement is less clear. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that systemic administration of the DA D1-like

receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, attenuates acute food deprivation (FD) stress-induced reinstatement. The current study was designed to elucidate the brain regions critical to the effect of SCH 23390 on FD stress-induced reinstatement. Rats were trained to press a lever to self-administer heroin (0.1 mg/kg/inf) over a period of 10 days. Following training, heroin was removed leading to an extinction of lever pressing. Next, rats were tested for reinstatement twice, under extinction conditions: once following 21–48 h FD; and once under sated conditions. Prior to testing, SCH 23390 was administered into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell (0.0, 0.3, 0.6 μg/side), NAc core (0.0, 0.3, 0.6 μg/side), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC; 0.0, 0.2, 2.0 μg/side), ventromedial HAS1 prefrontal cortex (vmPFC; 0.0, 2.0 μg/side) or basolateral amygdala (BLA; 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 μg/side). An attenuation of FD-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking was seen in rats injected with SCH 23390 into the NAc shell, dmPFC or BLA, but not into the NAc core or the vmPFC. These findings support the hypothesis that DA transmission through the DA D1-like receptors plays a critical role in stress-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. “
“Eye blinks, typically occurring 15–20 times per minute, rarely capture attention during face-to-face interaction.