A second challenge concerns who may grant consent, and on what basis, for the intervention. Human rights standards call for the establishment of supportive policies so that children, parents and health workers have adequate rights-based guidance on consent, assent and confidentiality, in order to ensure that adolescents are not deprived of any sexual and reproductive health information or services [32] and [33]. In many countries, however, adolescents under 18 are not recognized under the law

as competent agents to seek services independently. Can the law ensure that young people have the right to seek services, including vaccine services? Human rights laws, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), recognize that children’s evolving capacities have a bearing selleck inhibitor on their independent decision-making on health issues which affect them and securing their best interest should be always the primary Obeticholic Acid manufacturer consideration [32] and [34]. In accordance with their evolving capacities and best interest, children should have access to confidential counselling advice and services even in the absence of parental

or legal guardian consent. By regulating consent to sexual health services, laws and policies should reflect the recognition of the status of people under 18 years of age as rights holders, in accordance with their evolving capacity, age and maturity and their best interest. Problems may still arise, however, with a sexual health intervention

targeting the age range 9–13 years – there is a difference between the capacity of a 9 year old compared to a 13 year old to consent to services on her/his own. If parental consent is deemed to be necessary because the child’s evolving capacity and best interest require further guidance, adolescents should always nearly have a chance to express their views freely and their views should be given due weight. In this regard, adequate information needs to be provided to parents or legal guardians that supports and facilitates the development of a relationship of trust and confidence in which issues regarding sexuality and sexual behaviour can be openly discussed and acceptable solutions found that respect the adolescent’s rights [35], [36] and [37]. Furthermore, the rights of young people are promoted and protected in relation to access to services including health-related interventions. In particular, States are urged to “take measures to remove all barriers hindering the access of adolescents to… preventative measures”. [38] For example, under international human rights law, children have the right to have access to voluntary, confidential HIV counselling and testing and to sustained and equal access to comprehensive treatment and care [39].