The variables not statistically significant for never-smokers were connectedness (P) for Black and Hispanic youth, activities (P) for Hispanic, monitoring (Y, P) for all race/ethnicities, intension check this to monitor (P) for Hispanic, attitude to monitor for Black and Hispanic, and perceived punishment (Y, P) for all race/ethnicities. The variables not statistically significant for smoking initiators were connectedness (Y) for Black and Hispanic youth, connectedness (P) for White and Hispanic, activities for Black and Hispanic, monitoring (P) for Black and Hispanic, attitude toward monitoring (P) for White and Hispanic, and punishment (P) for Hispanic. It should be noted these differences were adjusted for the multiple testing.

In Supplementary Table 1, odds ratios (ORs) from the multiple logistic regression were adjusted for age, gender, highest parent education, annual family income, family structure all at T1, parental smoking status at T1, and peer smoking at T2, we see the protection afforded by the FF for measures cross-sectional at T1 and T2. In Whites, we found that lower levels of the following FF were associated with increased odds of smoking initiation connectedness (Y, P) at both T1 and T2, activities at T1 (P), monitoring (Y, P) at T1 and T2, parent attitudes toward monitoring (P) at T1 and T2, and perceived punishment at T1 (T) and T2 (P, T). In Blacks, we found that lower level of the following FF was associated with increased odds of smoking initiation: monitoring (Y, P) at T2, parent attitudes to monitoring (P) at T2, and perceived punishment (P) at T2.

In Hispanics, we found that lower level of the following FF was associated with increased odds of smoking initiation: connectedness (Y) at T1 and at T2 (Y, P), monitoring (Y, P) at T1 and at T2 (Y), intention to monitor (P) at T2, and attitudes toward monitoring (P) at T2. In the T2 ? T1 data, Supplementary Table 1, we see the association of change in FF with respect to smoking initiation. We found that decreased level of the following FF from T1 to T2 was associated with increasing odds of smoking initiation: connectedness (P), monitoring (P) in Black youth, and perceived punishment in White (P, T), Black (P), and Hispanic (T) youth. Correlations between FF measured in both youth and parent were as follows: monitoring, r = .24 (T1) and r = .30 (T2); connectedness, r = .26 (T1) and r = .

25 (T2); and perceived punishment, r = .09 (T1) and r = .18 (T2). Parental factors encompassing monitoring were also correlated: monitoring GSK-3 versus intention to monitor, r = .39 (T1) and r = .47 (T2), and monitoring versus attitudes toward monitoring, r = .33 (T1) and r = .38 (T2). Regression of Multiple FF and Smoking Initiation by Race/Ethnicity The multiple logistic regression analyses by separate racial/ethnic group and over all racial/ethnic groups shown in Table 3 initially included FF that were significant in the adjusted analysis (at p < .