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“Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, is a major commercial source of natural rubber that has been extensively used to manufacture high quality rubber products. It is important to develop a safe and efficient latex harvest technique associated with suitable stimulation for high and sustained rubber yields. This work investigates an innovative rubber yield stimulation technology, using ultrasound as a pre-treatment
on the tapping cut surface of the rubber trees. The field trial results demonstrate that ultrasound treatment of 4 min can increase latex and dry rubber yields by 23% and 14%, respectively, on an average of 50 replications which is similar to Ethrel stimulation. Unlike the Ethrel stimulation which increases the latex fluidity through dilution, ultrasound treatment may have also enabled higher JNJ-26481585 supply and uptakes of sucrose for more active rubber biosynthesis, as evidenced from the sonication induced changes in sucrose and inorganic
phosphorus contents. However, a decrease in thiols content in ultrasound treatment is notable. This ultrasound technology may also be useful for the stimulation of other latex, juice, and paint producing plants. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate bond strengths of zirconium-oxide (zirconia) ceramic and a selection of different composite resin cements.
Study Design: 130 Lava TM cylinders were fabricated. The cylinders were sandblasted with 80 mu m aluminium oxide or silica coated
with CoJet Sand. Silane, and bonding agent and/or Clearfil Ceramic Primer were applied. One hundred thirty composite cement cylinders, comprising two dual-polymerizing (Variolink II and Panavia F) and two autopolymerizing (Rely X and Multilink) resins were bonded to the ceramic samples. A shear test was conducted, followed by an optical microscopy study to identify the location and type of failure, an electron microscopy study (SEM and RGFP966 TEM) and statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test for more than two independent samples and Mann-Whitney for two independent samples. Given the large number of combinations, Bonferroni correction was applied (alpha=0.001).
Results: Dual-polymerizing cements provided better adhesion values (11.7 MPa) than the autopolymerizing (7.47 MPa) (p-value M-W<0.001). The worst techniques were Lava TM + sandblasting + Silane + Rely X; Lava TM + sandblasting + Silane + Multilink and Lava TM + CoJet + silane + Multilink. Adhesive failure (separation of cement and ceramic) was produced at a lesser force than cohesive failure (fracture of cement) (p-value M-W<0.001). Electron microscopy confirmed that the surface treatments modified the zirconium-oxide ceramic, creating a more rough and retentive surface, thus providing an improved micromechanical interlocking between the cement and the ceramic.