By focusing on different aspects of JNK signaling, it becomes increasingly obvious that the JNK cascade is intricately regulated and intensely dependent on the availability and functionality of its single components and their intracellular localization. Our review also emphasizes, that JNKs are indispensable for neuronal cell death as well as many physiological functions in the brain. Finally, we

discuss pharmacological strategies which target pathological Adavosertib in vivo JNK activities without affecting their physiological functions. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We present three models of how transcription factors (TFs) bind to their specific binding sites on the DNA: a model based on statistical physics, a Markov-chain model and a computational simulation. Comparison of these models suggests

that the effect of non-specific binding can be significant. We also investigate possible mechanisms for cooperativity. The simulation model suggests that direct interactions between TFs are unlikely to be the main source of cooperativity between specific binding sites, because such interactions tend to lead to the formation Of Clusters on the DNA with Selleckchem Vactosertib undesirable side-effects. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Photic responses of the circadian system are mediated through light-induced clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In nocturnal rodents, depending on the timing of light exposure, Per1 and Per2 gene expression Staurosporine order shows distinct compartmentalized patterns that correspond to the behavioral responses.

Whether the gene- and region-specific induction patterns are unique to nocturnal animals, or are also present in diurnal species is unknown. We explored this question by examining the light-induced Per1 and Per2 gene expression in functionally distinct SCN sub-regions, using diurnal grass rats Arvicanthis niloticus. Light exposure during nighttime induced Per1 and Per2 expression in the SCN, showing unique spatiotemporal profiles depending on the phase of the light exposure. After a phase delaying light pulse (LP) in the early night, strong Per1 induction was observed in the retinorecipient core region of the SCN, while strong Per2 induction was observed throughout the entire SCN. After a phase advancing LP in the late night, Per1 was first induced in the core and then extended into the whole SCN, accompanied by a weak Per2 induction. This compartmentalized expression pattern is very similar to that observed in nocturnal rodents, suggesting that the same molecular and intercellular pathways underlying acute photic responses are present in both diurnal and nocturnal species. However, after an LP in early subjective day, which induces phase advances in diurnal grass rats, but not in nocturnal rodents, we did not observe any Per1 or Per2 induction in the SCN.